Causal Modeling to Mitigate Selection Bias and Unmeasured Confounding in Internet-Based Epidemiology of COVID-19: Model Development and Validation

Nathaniel Stockham   ¹ , MSc ;   Peter Washington   ² , PhD ;   Brianna Chrisman   ² , PhD ;   Kelley Paskov   ³ , MSc ;   Jae-Yoon Jung   ⁴ , PhD ;   Dennis Paul Wall   ^{4, 5} , PhD

¹ Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States

² Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

³ Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

⁴ Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

⁵ Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States