Protective Behaviors and Secondary Harms Resulting From Nonpharmaceutical Interventions During the COVID-19 Epidemic in South Africa: Multisite, Prospective Longitudinal Study

Guy Harling   ^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , ScD ;   Francesc Xavier Gómez-Olivé   ^{3, 7} , MBMCh, PhD ;   Joseph Tlouyamma   ^{8, 9} , MSc ;   Tinofa Mutevedzi   ¹⁰ , MSc ;   Chodziwadziwa Whiteson Kabudula   ³ , PhD ;   Ruth Mahlako   ⁸ , BSc (Hons) ;   Urisha Singh   ¹ , PhD ;   Daniel Ohene-Kwofie   ³ , MSc ;   Rose Buckland   ² , MSc ;   Pedzisai Ndagurwa   ³ , PhD ;   Dickman Gareta   ¹ , MSc ;   Resign Gunda   ^{1, 11} , PhD ;   Thobeka Mngomezulu   ¹ , DipM ;   Siyabonga Nxumalo   ¹ , BSc ;   Emily B Wong   ^{1, 12} , MD ;   Kathleen Kahn   ^{3, 7} , MBBCh, PhD ;   Mark J Siedner   ^{1, 13} , MD ;   Eric Maimela   ^{8, 14} , PhD ;   Stephen Tollman   ^{3, 7} , MBBCh, PhD ;   Mark Collinson   ^{3, 10} , PhD ;   Kobus Herbst   ^{1, 10} , MBBCh, MSc

¹ Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

² Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

³ Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States

⁵ Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States

⁶ School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

⁷ International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health Network, Accra, Ghana

⁸ Dikgale-Mamabolo-Mothiba Population Health Research Centre, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Mankweng, South Africa

⁹ Department of Computer Science, School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo, Mankweng, South Africa

¹⁰ Department of Science and Innovation-Medical Research Council South African Population Research Infrastructure Network, Johannesburg, South Africa

¹¹ School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

¹² Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States

¹³ Harvard Medical School and the Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

¹⁴ Department of Public Health, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Mankweng, South Africa