Machine Learning Applications in Population and Public Health: Guidelines for Development, Testing, and Implementation

Andrew D Pinto   ^{1, 2, 3, 4} , MSc, MD, CCFP ;   Sharon Birdi   ¹ , MBT ;   Steve Durant   ¹ , PhD ;   Roxana Rabet   ¹ , MSc ;   Rahul Parekh   ^{1, 5} , MD ;   Shehzad Ali   ^{6, 7, 8} , PhD ;   David Buckeridge   ⁹ , MSc, MD, PhD ;   Marzyeh Ghassemi   ¹⁰ , MSc, PhD ;   Jennifer Gibson   ¹¹ , MA, PhD ;   Ava John-Baptiste   ¹² , PhD ;   Jillian Macklin   ^{1, 13} , MD, PhD ;   Melissa D McCradden   ^{4, 14, 15} , MHSc, PhD ;   Kwame McKenzie   ^{16, 17} , MBBS ;   Parisa Naraei   ¹⁸ , PhD ;   Akwasi Owusu-Bempah   ¹⁹ , MA, PhD ;   Laura C Rosella   ^{4, 20, 21, 22} , MHSc, PhD ;   James Shaw   ²³ , MPT, PhD ;   Ross Upshur   ^{3, 4, 11} , MA, MSc, MD, CCFP ;   Sharmistha Mishra   ^{24, 25, 26, 27, 28} , MSc, MD, PhD

¹ Upstream Lab, MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

² Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

³ Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁴ Division of Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁵ Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western Centre for Public Health & Family Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada

⁷ WHO Collaborating Centre for Knowledge Translation and Health Technology Assessment in Health Equity, Ottawa, ON, Canada

⁸ Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom

⁹ Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

¹⁰ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States

¹¹ Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

¹² Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, and Schulich Interfaculty Program in Public Health, Western University, London, ON, Canada

¹³ Undergraduate Medical Education, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

¹⁴ Department of Bioethics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

¹⁵ Australian Institute for Machine Learning, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

¹⁶ Wellesley Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

¹⁷ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada

¹⁸ Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada

¹⁹ Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

²⁰ Institute for Better Health, Trillium Health Partners, Toronto, ON, Canada

²¹ Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada

²² Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

²³ Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

²⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

²⁵ MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

²⁶ Management and Evaluation, and Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

²⁷ Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

²⁸ Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada