Mediating Effect of Tobacco Dependence on the Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Case-Control Study

Jinxuan Li   ^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} , MD ;   Jianying Xu   ⁸ , MD ;   Lan Yang   ⁹ , MD ;   Yongjian Xu   ¹⁰ , MD ;   Xiangyan Zhang   ¹¹ , MD ;   Chunxue Bai   ¹² , MD ;   Jian Kang   ¹³ , MD ;   Pixin Ran   ¹⁴ , MD ;   Huahao Shen   ¹⁵ , MD ;   Fuqiang Wen   ¹⁶ , MD ;   Kewu Huang   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Wanzhen Yao   ¹⁸ , MD ;   Tieying Sun   ^{19, 20} , MD ;   Guangliang Shan   ²¹ , MD ;   Ting Yang   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 22} , MD ;   Yingxiang Lin   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Jianguo Zhu   ²⁰ , MD ;   Ruiying Wang   ⁸ , MD ;   Zhihong Shi   ⁹ , MD ;   Jianping Zhao   ¹⁰ , MD ;   Xianwei Ye   ¹¹ , MD ;   Yuanlin Song   ¹² , MD ;   Qiuyue Wang   ¹³ , MD ;   Gang Hou   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 22} , MD ;   Yumin Zhou   ¹⁴ , MD ;   Wen Li   ¹⁵ , MD ;   Liren Ding   ¹⁵ , MD ;   Hao Wang   ¹⁶ , MD ;   Yahong Chen   ¹⁸ , MD ;   Yanfei Guo   ^{19, 20} , MD ;   Fei Xiao   ²⁰ , MD ;   Yong Lu   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Xiaoxia Peng   ^{23, 24} , MD ;   Biao Zhang   ²¹ , MD ;   Zuomin Wang   ²⁵ , MD ;   Hong Zhang   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Xiaoning Bu   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Xiaolei Zhang   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 22} , MD ;   Li An   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Shu Zhang   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Zhixin Cao   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Qingyuan Zhan   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 22} , MD ;   Yuanhua Yang   ¹⁷ , MD ;   Lirong Liang   ^{26, 27} , MD ;   Bin Cao   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 22} , MD ;   Huaping Dai   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 22} , MD ;   Kian Fan Chung   ²⁸ , MD ;   Zhengming Chen   ²⁹ , PhD ;   Jiang He   ³⁰ , MD ;   Sinan Wu   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 31} , MD ;   Dan Xiao   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 *} , MD ;   Chen Wang   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 22 *} , MD ;   China Pulmonary Health Study Group   ³²

¹ China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

² National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China

³ State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing, China

⁴ National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China

⁵ Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

⁶ Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

⁷ WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China

⁸ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China

⁹ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

¹⁰ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

¹¹ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China

¹² Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

¹³ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

¹⁴ State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

¹⁵ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

¹⁶ State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

¹⁷ Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

¹⁸ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China

¹⁹ Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China

²⁰ National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China

²¹ Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

²² Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

²³ Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

²⁴ National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

²⁵ Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

²⁶ Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

²⁷ Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China

²⁸ National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

²⁹ Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

³⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States

³¹ Data and Project Management Unit, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

³² See Acknowledgements, Beijing, China

*these authors contributed equally