Artificial Intelligence–Enabled Social Media Analysis for Pharmacovigilance of COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United Kingdom: Observational Study

Zain Hussain   ^{1, 2 *} , BSc, MBChB ;   Zakariya Sheikh   ^{1 *} ;   Ahsen Tahir   ³ , BSc, PhD ;   Kia Dashtipour   ⁴ , BSc, MSc, PhD ;   Mandar Gogate   ⁴ , BSc, PhD ;   Aziz Sheikh   ⁵ , BSc, MBBS, MSc, MD ;   Amir Hussain   ⁴ , BSc, PhD

¹ Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

² School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom

³ Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

⁴ School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

⁵ Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

*these authors contributed equally