Published on in Vol 11 (2025)
Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are
available at
https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/69768, first published
.

1 School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
2 Beijing Municipal Health Big Data and Policy Research Center, Beijing, China
3 School of Public Finance and Taxation, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
*these authors contributed equally
