Influence of the Enterovirus 71 Vaccine and the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in China Based on Counterfactual Models: Observational Study

Jia Nie   ^{1, 2 *} , MSc ;   Tian Huang   ^{3 *} , MPH ;   Yuhong Sun   ⁴ , MSc ;   Zutong Peng   ⁵ , MM ;   Wenlong Dong   ¹ , DEng ;   Jiancheng Chen   ⁶ , DEng ;   Di Zheng   ⁷ , MPH ;   Fuyin Guo   ⁸ , BSc ;   Wenhui Shi   ⁹ , BMed ;   Yuewei Ling   ¹⁰ , BEng ;   Weijia Zhao   ⁵ , PhD ;   Haijun Yang   ^{11 *} , PhD ;   Tiejun Shui   ^{3 *} , MPH ;   Xiangyu Yan   ^{1 *} , PhD

¹ School of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

² Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

³ Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan, China

⁴ College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

⁵ Department of Dermatology and Venereology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China

⁶ Xiamen Peiyang BCI & Smart Health Innovation Research Institution, Xiamen, China

⁷ People's Hospital of Pu'er, Yunnan, China

⁸ People's Hospital of Lincang, Yunnan, China

⁹ Lanke Medical Technology Nanjing Research Institution, Nanjing, China

¹⁰ Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

¹¹ Yan’an Hospital (affiliated with Kunming Medical University), Yunnan, China

*these authors contributed equally