Using Laboratory Test Results for Surveillance During a New Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis in 3-Week- to 5-Year-Old Children in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Ireland, and Curaçao: Observational Cohort Study

Maaike C Swets   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Steven R Kerr   ² , PhD ;   Brian MacKenna   ³ , MPharm ;   Louis Fisher   ³ , BSc ;   Merel van Wijnen   ⁴ , PhD ;   Diederik Brandwagt   ⁵ , MD ;   Paul W Schenk   ⁶ , PhD ;   Pieter Fraaij   ^{7, 8} , PhD ;   Leonardus G Visser   ¹ , PhD ;   Sebastian Bacon   ³ , BA ;   Amir Mehrkar   ³ , MRGCP ;   Alistair Nichol   ^{9, 10} , PhD ;   Patrick Twomey   ^{9, 10} ;   Philippa C Matthews   ¹¹ , PhD ;   ISARIC4C Hepatitis Study Group   ¹² ;   Malcolm G Semple   ¹³ , PhD ;   Geert H Groeneveld   ¹ , PhD ;   Ben Goldacre   ³ , BA, MA, MSc, MBBS ;   Iain Jones   ¹⁴ , MBChB ;   J Kenneth Baillie   ^{2, 15, 16, 17} , PhD

¹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

² Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

³ Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

⁴ Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, Netherlands

⁵ Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands

⁶ Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

⁸ Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

⁹ University College Dublin-Clinical Research Centre, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

¹⁰ The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

¹¹ The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

¹² see Acknowledgments

¹³ Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

¹⁴ Biochemistry Laboratory, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom

¹⁵ Baillie Gifford Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

¹⁶ Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

¹⁷ Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom