Updated Surveillance Metrics and History of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2023) in Europe: Longitudinal Trend Analysis

Alexander L Lundberg   ^{1, 2} , PhD, MSc ;   Scott A Wu   ³ , BA ;   Alan G Soetikno   ³ , BS ;   Claudia Hawkins   ^{4, 5} , MD, MPH ;   Robert L Murphy   ^{4, 6} , MD ;   Robert J Havey   ^{6, 7} , MD ;   Egon A Ozer   ^{4, 8} , MD, PhD ;   Charles B Moss   ⁹ , PhD ;   Sarah B Welch   ^{1, 2} , MPH ;   Maryann Mason   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Yingxuan Liu   ^{1, 2} , MA ;   Lori A Post   ^{1, 2} , PhD

¹ Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

² Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

³ Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

⁴ Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

⁵ Center for Global Communicable and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

⁶ Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

⁷ Department of Medicine, General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

⁸ Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

⁹ Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States