Combining Participatory Influenza Surveillance with Modeling and Forecasting: Three Alternative Approaches

John S Brownstein   ^{1, 2, 3} , PhD ;   Shuyu Chu   ⁴ , PhD ;   Achla Marathe   ⁴ , PhD ;   Madhav V Marathe   ⁴ , PhD ;   Andre T Nguyen   ^{2, 5} , BS ;   Daniela Paolotti   ⁶ , PhD ;   Nicola Perra   ⁷ , PhD ;   Daniela Perrotta   ⁶ , MS ;   Mauricio Santillana   ^{1, 2, 3} , PhD ;   Samarth Swarup   ⁴ , PhD ;   Michele Tizzoni   ⁶ , PhD ;   Alessandro Vespignani   ⁸ , PhD ;   Anil Kumar S Vullikanti   ⁴ , PhD ;   Mandy L Wilson   ⁴ , MA ;   Qian Zhang   ⁸ , PhD

¹ Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

² Computational Epidemiology Group, Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

³ Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

⁴ Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States

⁵ Booz Allen Hamilton, Boston, MA, United States

⁶ Computational Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute for Scientific Interchange, Turin, Italy

⁷ Centre for Business Networks Analysis, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom

⁸ Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States