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Ethical Considerations for Wastewater Surveillance Conducted by the US Department of Defense

Ethical Considerations for Wastewater Surveillance Conducted by the US Department of Defense

Wastewater represents a promising source for obtaining valuable public health data to inform decision-making and response efforts [1]. Wastewater testing includes the tools and technologies used for various activities (eg, research, law enforcement, public health), while wastewater surveillance (WWS) is the activity of assessing biological, chemical, and analyte signatures for determining population-level trends to inform public health decision-making [2-5].

Hunter Jackson Smith, Richard T Agans, William J Kowallis

JMIR Public Health Surveill 2025;11:e67145

Wastewater Surveillance Pilot at US Military Installations: Cost Model Analysis

Wastewater Surveillance Pilot at US Military Installations: Cost Model Analysis

Therefore, wastewater sample collection is a viable approach to monitor the prevalence of pathogens [1], including those of pandemic potential and biodefense/biosecurity relevance. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers identified that SARS-Co V-2 RNA was shed into fecal matter at viral loads high enough to be detected in wastewater [2-4].

Jaleal S Sanjak, Erin M McAuley, Justin Raybern, Richard Pinkham, Jacob Tarnowski, Nicole Miko, Bridgette Rasmussen, Christian J Manalo, Michael Goodson, Blake Stamps, Bryan Necciai, Shanmuga Sozhamannan, Ezekiel J Maier

JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024;10:e54750

Comparison of Different Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Methods for Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Exploratory Study

Comparison of Different Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Methods for Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Exploratory Study

The need for surveillance of SARS-Co V-2 in wastewater has been demonstrated by the fact that the estimated spread of COVID-19 based on wastewater surveillance has been much higher than would be expected based on clinical cases showing the actual spread of the virus [7]. In addition, it has been shown that wastewater monitoring of SARS-Co V-2 can be used to estimate new hospital and intensive care unit admissions 2-8 days ahead of time [8].

Annika Länsivaara, Kirsi-Maarit Lehto, Rafiqul Hyder, Erja Sinikka Janhonen, Anssi Lipponen, Annamari Heikinheimo, Tarja Pitkänen, Sami Oikarinen, WastPan Study Group

JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024;10:e53175

Changes to Public Health Surveillance Methods Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review

Changes to Public Health Surveillance Methods Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater surveillance had gained popularity for tracking infectious disease dynamics and tracing the origins of foodborne illness outbreaks [16,17]. As it is difficult to estimate the true burden of disease of foodborne illnesses, wastewater surveillance has proven to be an accurate and relatively inexpensive way of collecting health data [17,18]. Similarly, digital surveillance can use internet search data to track where and when disease outbreaks occur [19].

Emily C Clark, Sophie Neumann, Stephanie Hopkins, Alyssa Kostopoulos, Leah Hagerman, Maureen Dobbins

JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024;10:e49185

Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Using Infoveillance, National Reporting Data, and Wastewater in Wales, United Kingdom: Mixed Methods Study

Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Using Infoveillance, National Reporting Data, and Wastewater in Wales, United Kingdom: Mixed Methods Study

The presence of coronaviruses and other human pathogenic viruses in human feces and their subsequent presence in urban wastewater is a long-established tool for assessing disease prevalence within a community [24,25]. This approach provides a noninvasive means for assessing SARS-Co V-2 prevalence across whole populations via wastewater [25-31].

Jordan P Cuff, Shrinivas Nivrutti Dighe, Sophie E Watson, Rafael A Badell-Grau, Andrew J Weightman, Davey L Jones, Peter Kille

JMIR Infodemiology 2023;3:e43891

Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria and Level of Antibiotic Residues in Hospital Effluents in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study

Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria and Level of Antibiotic Residues in Hospital Effluents in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study

Insufficient wastewater management by bulk drug manufacturing facilities has led to unprecedented levels of contamination of water resources with antimicrobial pharmaceuticals, which seems to be associated with the selection and dissemination of carbapenemase-producing pathogens [2]. In India, the concentration of the most abundant drug, ciprofloxacin (up to 31,000 μg/L), was reported to exceed the toxicity level by over 1000-fold [3].

Sophia Karen Bakon, Zuraifah Asrah Mohamad, Mohd Azerulazree Jamilan, Hazimah Hashim, Mohamed Yazid Kuman, Rafiza Shaharudin, Norazah Ahmad, Nor Asiah Muhamad

JMIR Res Protoc 2023;12:e39022

Population Health Metrics During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Correlative Pilot Study

Population Health Metrics During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Correlative Pilot Study

These efforts aligned with ethical guidelines for wastewater-based epidemiology set forth by the Sewage Analysis Core group Europe [20] to help minimize risk to participating communities and their citizens. Similarly, given that county-level metrics would provide identifiable cities, only correlations among metrics were included.

Marie A Severson, David A Cassada, Victor C Huber, Daniel D Snow, Lisa M McFadden

JMIR Form Res 2022;6(10):e40215