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Appropriateness of Web-Based Resources for Home Blood Pressure Measurement and Their Alignment With Guideline Recommendations, Readability, and End User Involvement: Environmental Scan of Web-Based Resources

Appropriateness of Web-Based Resources for Home Blood Pressure Measurement and Their Alignment With Guideline Recommendations, Readability, and End User Involvement: Environmental Scan of Web-Based Resources

However, previous research has shown that web-based educational resources for cardiovascular disease risk management do not provide appropriate information or meet the usability or readability needs of adults [18,25-29], and co-design involving end users (such as community members and medical professionals) is an underused method during resource development [24].

Eleanor Clapham, Dean Picone, Samuel Carmichael, Carissa Bonner, Niamh Chapman

JMIR Infodemiology 2025;5:e55248

Ability of ChatGPT to Replace Doctors in Patient Education: Cross-Sectional Comparative Analysis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Ability of ChatGPT to Replace Doctors in Patient Education: Cross-Sectional Comparative Analysis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The Chinese Readability Index Explorer (CRIE; version 3.0 [26]) was used. In addition to the evaluators’ subjective assessments, we introduced a quantitative Chinese readability tool, CRIE. It consists of 4 subsystems comprising 82 multilevel language features [27]. CRIE uses multilevel language features for text analysis, including vocabulary, syntax, semantics, and cohesion.

Zelin Yan, Jingwen Liu, Yihong Fan, Shiyuan Lu, Dingting Xu, Yun Yang, Honggang Wang, Jie Mao, Hou-Chiang Tseng, Tao-Hsing Chang, Yan Chen

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e62857

Evaluation of the Quality of Delirium Website Content for Patient and Family Education: Cross-Sectional Study

Evaluation of the Quality of Delirium Website Content for Patient and Family Education: Cross-Sectional Study

These scores are credible tools that are widely used to evaluate readability [63]. The included websites were evaluated if they were written at the American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health recommendation of a grade 6 reading level [64,65]. A standardized data extraction template was created and piloted to ensure reviewers understood how to evaluate the quality, content, and readability of each website.

Karla Krewulak, Kathryn Strayer, Natalia Jaworska, Krista Spence, Nadine Foster, Scotty Kupsch, Khara Sauro, Kirsten M Fiest

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e53087

Transforming Informed Consent Generation Using Large Language Models: Mixed Methods Study

Transforming Informed Consent Generation Using Large Language Models: Mixed Methods Study

However, for successful implementation, models must not only improve readability and actionability but also align with current regulatory requirements and ethical guidelines. The ability for LLMs to generate a complex clinical trial ICFs from a research protocol remains unexplored. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of the Mistral 8x22 B LLM in generating the key information sections of ICFs with improved readability, understandability, and actionability.

Qiming Shi, Katherine Luzuriaga, Jeroan J Allison, Asil Oztekin, Jamie M Faro, Joy L Lee, Nathaniel Hafer, Margaret McManus, Adrian H Zai

JMIR Med Inform 2025;13:e68139

Proficiency, Clarity, and Objectivity of Large Language Models Versus Specialists’ Knowledge on COVID-19's Impacts in Pregnancy: Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

Proficiency, Clarity, and Objectivity of Large Language Models Versus Specialists’ Knowledge on COVID-19's Impacts in Pregnancy: Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

The readability of the 4 AI’s responses to the items of the fifth section of the validated questionnaire (Multimedia Appendix 3) was appraised by means of the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level analysis, which is a test designed to indicate how difficult a passage in English is to understand. The formula was developed by Rudolf Flesch and J Peter Kincaid and was first used in the United States military to assess the readability of their technical manuals.

Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Michèle Buchinger, Hisham Atwan, Ruba Tuma, Francesco Chirico, Lukasz Szarpak, Raymond Farah, Rola Khamisy-Farah

JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e56126

Factors Influencing Informed Consent Preferences in Digital Health Research: Survey Study of Prospective Participants

Factors Influencing Informed Consent Preferences in Digital Health Research: Survey Study of Prospective Participants

The content of the consent form and its readability has been a topic of concern in health research and is well documented in academic literature [1-3]. Several peer-reviewed studies have focused on improving the ability of prospective research participants to comprehend these documents [4-6]. Specific to promoting the readability of consent materials, institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States suggest the consent form be written at a sixth- to eighth-grade reading level.

Brian J McInnis, Ramona Pindus, Daniah Kareem, Daniela G Vital, Eric B Hekler, Camille Nebeker

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e63349

Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Jargon and Readability in Plain Language Summaries of Health Research: Cross-Sectional Observational Study

For each category, we estimated the average readability and jargon score, the percentage of summaries with readability scores higher than 50, the percentage of summaries with jargon scores higher than 95, and the 95% CIs for these estimates. We looked at the relationship between readability and jargon scores by calculating their pairwise (Pearson) correlation.

Iain A Lang, Angela King, Kate Boddy, Ken Stein, Lauren Asare, Jo Day, Kristin Liabo

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e50862

Modern Digital Query Analytics of Patient Education Materials on Acanthosis Nigricans: Systematic Search and Content Analysis

Modern Digital Query Analytics of Patient Education Materials on Acanthosis Nigricans: Systematic Search and Content Analysis

Following quality assessment, the text of each digital article was extracted onto a plain text document and evaluated for readability. Moreover, readability was determined using 3 specific scales based on prior literature: Flesch-Kincaid score, Gunning Fog index, and the Coleman-Liau index [24-27]. This study established grade reading level recommendations for content to be approximately at the 6th-grade reading level based on previous literature [28].

Kevin Johny Varghese, Som Singh, Emily Kamali, Fahad Qureshi, Aleena Jamal, Fawad Qureshi

JMIR Dermatol 2025;8:e60210

Large Language Models May Help Patients Understand Peer-Reviewed Scientific Articles About Ophthalmology: Development and Usability Study

Large Language Models May Help Patients Understand Peer-Reviewed Scientific Articles About Ophthalmology: Development and Usability Study

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the readability of health information found on the internet, including content published by academic institutions, is often poor and notably more complex than the recommended levels [7-10]. With the recent surge and growing popularity of large language models (LLMs), such as Chat GPT (Open AI), some investigators have begun exploring the possibility of using this tool to enhance the readability and accessibility of health information for patients [11-18].

Reza Kianian, Deyu Sun, William Rojas-Carabali, Rupesh Agrawal, Edmund Tsui

J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e59843

Assessment of the Quality and Readability of Web-Based Arabic Health Information on Halitosis: Infodemiological Study

Assessment of the Quality and Readability of Web-Based Arabic Health Information on Halitosis: Infodemiological Study

The majority of these studies used comparable approaches, including the readability calculator tool, the DISCERN tool [35] to assess website quality, and the existence of the Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct (HONcode) [36]. Even though halitosis is considered the third most common reason for seeking dental treatment [11], no research has been done to evaluate the quality and readability of halitosis information in Arabic.

Khalid Aboalshamat

J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e54072