Nationwide Trends in Screen Time and Associated Risk Factors by Family Structures Among Adolescents, 2008-2022: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

Seokjun Kim   ^{1, 2 *} , MD ;   Hyesu Jo   ^{2, 3 *} , MS ;   Yejun Son   ^{2, 4 *} , MS ;   Min Kyung Shin   ^{5 *} , MD ;   Kyeongmin Lee   ^{2, 3} , MS ;   Jaeyu Park   ^{2, 4} , PhD ;   Hayeon Lee   ^{2, 6} , PhD ;   Lee Smith   ⁷ , PhD ;   Elena Dragioti   ⁸ , PhD ;   Guillaume Fond   ⁹ , MD, PhD ;   Laurent Boyer   ⁹ , MD, PhD ;   Guillermo F López Sánchez   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Mark A Tully   ¹¹ , PhD ;   Masoud Rahmati   ^{9, 12, 13} , PhD ;   Damiano Pizzol   ^{14, 15} , PhD ;   Selin Woo   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Dong Keon Yon   ^{1, 2, 3, 4, 16} , MD, PhD

¹ Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

² Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

³ Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁴ Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁵ Department of Medicine, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea

⁶ Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea

⁷ Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom

⁸ Research Laboratory Psychology of Patients, Families, and Health Professionals, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

⁹ CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France

¹⁰ Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

¹¹ School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, United Kingdom

¹² Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran

¹³ Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran

¹⁴ Health Unit, Eni, San Donato Milanese, Italy

¹⁵ Health Unit, Eni, Maputo, Mozambique

¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

*these authors contributed equally