Availability and Key Characteristics of National Early Warning Systems for Emerging Profiles of Antimicrobial Resistance in High-Income Countries: Systematic Review

Jessica Iera   ^{1, 2} , MD ;   Claudia Isonne   ^{1, 3} , MD ;   Chiara Seghieri   ² , PhD ;   Lara Tavoschi   ⁴ , PhD ;   Mariateresa Ceparano   ¹ , BSc ;   Antonio Sciurti   ¹ , MD ;   Alessia D'Alisera   ⁵ , MD ;   Monica Sane Schepisi   ⁵ , MSc, MD ;   Giuseppe Migliara   ⁶ , MD, PhD ;   Carolina Marzuillo   ¹ , BSc ;   Paolo Villari   ¹ , MPH, MD ;   Fortunato D'Ancona   ³ , MD ;   Valentina Baccolini   ¹ , MPH, MD

¹ Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

² Department EMbeDS, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Management and Health Laboratory, Institute of Management, Pisa, Italy

³ Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy

⁴ Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

⁵ Italian Ministry of Health, General Directorate for Health Prevention, Rome, Italy

⁶ Department of Life Sciences, Health and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy