Assessing the Digital Advancement of Public Health Systems Using Indicators Published in Gray Literature: Narrative Review

Laura Maaß   ^{1, 2, 3} , MA, PhD ;   Manuel Badino   ^{2, 4, 5} , MA ;   Ihoghosa Iyamu   ^{6, 7} , MBBS, MDICHA, PhD ;   Felix Holl   ^{2, 8} , MPH, MSc, PhD

¹ SOCIUM Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

² Leibniz ScienceCampus Digital Public Health Bremen, Bremen, Germany

³ Digital Health and Artificial Intelligence Section, European Public Health Association (EUPHA), Utrecht, Netherlands

⁴ School of Public Health, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

⁵ Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

⁶ School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

⁷ BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada

⁸ DigiHealth Institute, Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Neu-Ulm, Germany