Association Between Smoking and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Cross-sectional Study of the EPICOVID19 Internet-Based Survey

Federica Prinelli   ¹ , PhD ;   Fabrizio Bianchi   ² , PhD ;   Gaspare Drago   ³ , PhD ;   Silvia Ruggieri   ³ , PhD ;   Aleksandra Sojic   ¹ , PhD ;   Nithiya Jesuthasan   ¹ , MPH ;   Sabrina Molinaro   ² , PhD ;   Luca Bastiani   ² , PhD ;   Stefania Maggi   ⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Marianna Noale   ⁴ , MSc ;   Massimo Galli   ⁵ , MD ;   Andrea Giacomelli   ⁵ , MD ;   Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi   ⁶ , MD ;   Fulvio Adorni   ^{1 *} , MPH ;   Fabio Cibella   ^{3 *} , MD ;   EPICOVID19 Working Group   ⁷

¹ Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate (MI), Italy

² Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy

³ Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy

⁴ Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy

⁵ Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L Sacco, University of Milan, Milano, Italy

⁶ Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Campus of Rome, Roma, Italy

⁷ see Acknowledgments, Segrate (MI), Italy

*these authors contributed equally