JMIR Public Health and Surveillance

Hainan is a pilot free trade port in China and a multiethnic province. Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) reflects health care inequity, particularly affecting vulnerable groups in rapidly developing multiethnic regions.

Many eligible infants and children do not participate in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and coverage declines throughout the pre-school period of eligibility. National and state-level social marketing campaigns have been used to promote the value of WIC and to increase enrollment and participation. Local contextualization and targeting of materials may increase effectiveness, considering the diversity of families eligible for WIC, however, there are few examples of such approaches and their impact.

Cervical cancer (CC) is a major public health issue, accounting for approximately 7.5% of all female cancer deaths worldwide in 2018. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common virus infecting the reproductive system. Despite the high number of diagnosed cases of CC globally, prevention is possible. Vaccination against HPV is considered to be a primary prevention strategy, while cervical screening can also play a secondary prevention role.

Dental caries is a common chronic disease in children. Digital tools such as intraoral scanners may offer an efficient, scalable alternative to conventional visual examination for dental caries detection. Intraoral scanners are handheld devices which generate 3D models of the teeth and surrounding structures. Recent advances incorporating fluorescence technology into scanner hardware offer potential for supporting dental caries detection. However, the performance of digital caries detection methods using 3D models that include both colour and fluorescence in children teeth remains unknown.

Long COVID affects millions worldwide, straining health systems and workforce stability; among civil servants, prolonged illness threatens essential services. This first nationwide survey among French civil servants combines epidemiological assessment with a Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors approach. Long COVID remains a diagnostic and epidemiological challenge in the general population with evolving symptoms and uncertain categorization, particularly among self-suspected cases. Beyond prevalence and risk factors, understanding behavioral dimensions is essential to develop prevention strategies and maintain the workforce resilience.

The COVID-19 pandemic was a critical time for public health and though dashboards remained a source of critical health information for decision makers, key gaps in equity-based decision support were revealed. The Dashboard Instrument to Review Equity (DIRE) Framework and Checklist tool was developed to be a practical tool for public health departments to use in evaluating equity-based decision support mechanisms in their dashboards.

Although RSV membrane protein F has become one of the major target proteins for RSV vaccine development, and previous studies have identified safety issues with RSV vaccines in older adults, the causes of these issues are still unclear so far.

In 2012, the country of Georgia established an electronic integrated disease surveillance system (EIDSS) for acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. All medical facilities must report laboratory-confirmed acute HBV cases to the regional public health centres (PHCs) within 24 hours, which are subsequently registered in EIDSS.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) face a disproportionately high risk of mpox infection, and China has recently experienced a rapid increase in the reported cases. This population also has a high prevalence of HIV, which has been identified as a critical factor in understanding the vulnerability to mpox. In addition, metabolic diseases frequently co-occur with HIV and share immunometabolic pathways, raising concerns that they may interact to confer additional risk of mpox infection.

As a high tuberculosis (TB) burden area in China, Dazu District of Chongqing Municipality contains a large rural population and exhibits typical features of TB endemicity.

Long-term follow-up studies investigating the relationship between ambient air pollution and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in rural Chinese populations remain limited.

Traditional infectious disease surveillance systems face significant limitations, including delayed detection, underreporting of asymptomatic cases, and inequitable healthcare access. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), enhanced with genomic analysis, offers a non-invasive and cost-effective alternative for early pathogen detection and variant characterization, particularly valuable for monitoring international disease transmission.