@Article{info:doi/10.2196/11354,
author="de Lusignan, Simon
and McGee, Christopher
and Webb, Rebecca
and Joy, Mark
and Byford, Rachel
and Yonova, Ivelina
and Hriskova, Mariya
and Matos Ferreira, Filipa
and Elliot, J. Alex
and Smith, Gillian
and Rafi, Imran",
title="Conurbation, Urban, and Rural Living as Determinants of Allergies and Infectious Diseases: Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre Annual Report 2016-2017",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Nov",
day="26",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e11354",
keywords="population surveillance",
keywords="respiratory tract infections",
keywords="conjunctivitis, allergic",
keywords="asthma",
keywords="urinary tract infections",
keywords="gastroenteritis",
keywords="healthcare disparities",
keywords="socioeconomic factors",
keywords="social determinants of health",
keywords="medical records systems, computerized",
keywords="data collection",
keywords="records as topic",
keywords="primary health care",
keywords="general practice",
keywords="infectious diseases",
abstract="Background: Living in a conurbation, urban, or rural environment is an important determinant of health. For example, conurbation and rural living is associated with increased respiratory and allergic conditions, whereas a farm or rural upbringing has been shown to be a protective factor against this. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess differences in general practice presentations of allergic and infectious disease in those exposed to conurbation or urban living compared with rural environments. Methods: The population was a nationally representative sample of 175 English general practices covering a population of over 1.6 million patients registered with sentinel network general practices. General practice presentation rates per 100,000 population were reported for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and infectious conditions grouped into upper and lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infection, and acute gastroenteritis by the UK Office for National Statistics urban-rural category. We used multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, comorbidities, and smoking status, reporting odds ratios (ORs) with 95\% CIs. Results: For allergic rhinitis, the OR was 1.13 (95\% CI 1.04-1.23; P=.003) for urban and 1.29 (95\% CI 1.19-1.41; P<.001) for conurbation compared with rural dwellers. Conurbation living was associated with a lower OR for both asthma (OR 0.70, 95\% CI 0.67-0.73; P<.001) and lower respiratory tract infections (OR 0.94, 95\% CI 0.90-0.98; P=.005). Compared with rural dwellers, the OR for upper respiratory tract infection was greater in urban (OR 1.06, 95\% CI 1.03-1.08; P<.001) but no different in conurbation dwellers (OR 1.00, 95\% CI 0.97-1.03; P=.93). Acute gastroenteritis followed the same pattern: the OR was 1.13 (95\% CI 1.01-1.25; P=.03) for urban dwellers and 1.04 (95\% CI 0.93-1.17; P=.46) for conurbation dwellers. The OR for urinary tract infection was lower for urban dwellers (OR 0.94, 95\% CI 0.89-0.99; P=.02) but higher in conurbation dwellers (OR 1.06, 95\% CI 1.00-1.13; P=.04). Conclusions: Those living in conurbations or urban areas were more likely to consult a general practice for allergic rhinitis and upper respiratory tract infection. Both conurbation and rural living were associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection. Living in rural areas was associated with an increased risk of asthma and lower respiratory tract infections. The data suggest that living environment may affect rates of consultations for certain conditions. Longitudinal analyses of these data would be useful in providing insights into important determinants. ",
doi="10.2196/11354",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e11354/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30478022"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/publichealth.9749,
author="Dixit, Shikha
and Arora, K. Narendra
and Rahman, Atiqur
and Howard, J. Natasha
and Singh, K. Rakesh
and Vaswani, Mayur
and Das, K. Manoja
and Ahmed, Faruqueuddin
and Mathur, Prashant
and Tandon, Nikhil
and Dasgupta, Rajib
and Chaturvedi, Sanjay
and Jethwaney, Jaishri
and Dalpath, Suresh
and Prashad, Rajendra
and Kumar, Rakesh
and Gupta, Rakesh
and Dube, Laurette
and Daniel, Mark",
title="Establishing a Demographic, Development and Environmental Geospatial Surveillance Platform in India: Planning and Implementation",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Oct",
day="05",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e66",
keywords="geospatial surveillance",
keywords="health and nonhealth data harmonization",
keywords="spatial epidemiology",
keywords="participatory GIS",
keywords="caste, socioeconomic transition",
keywords="ground truthing",
keywords="built environment",
abstract="Background: Inadequate administrative health data, suboptimal public health infrastructure, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental degradation, and poor penetration of information technology make the tracking of health and well-being of populations and their social determinants in the developing countries challenging. Technology-integrated comprehensive surveillance platforms have the potential to overcome these gaps. Objective: This paper provides methodological insights into establishing a geographic information system (GIS)-integrated, comprehensive surveillance platform in rural North India, a resource-constrained setting. Methods: The International Clinical Epidemiology Network Trust International established a comprehensive SOMAARTH Demographic, Development, and Environmental Surveillance Site (DDESS) in rural Palwal, a district in Haryana, North India. The surveillance platform evolved by adopting four major steps: (1) site preparation, (2) data construction, (3) data quality assurance, and (4) data update and maintenance system. Arc GIS 10.3 and QGIS 2.14 software were employed for geospatial data construction. Surveillance data architecture was built upon the geospatial land parcel datasets. Dedicated software (SOMAARTH-1) was developed for handling high volume of longitudinal datasets. The built infrastructure data pertaining to land use, water bodies, roads, railways, community trails, landmarks, water, sanitation and food environment, weather and air quality, and demographic characteristics were constructed in a relational manner. Results: The comprehensive surveillance platform encompassed a population of 0.2 million individuals residing in 51 villages over a land mass of 251.7 sq km having 32,662 households and 19,260 nonresidential features (cattle shed, shops, health, education, banking, religious institutions, etc). All land parcels were assigned georeferenced location identification numbers to enable space and time monitoring. Subdivision of villages into sectors helped identify socially homogenous community clusters (418/676, 61.8\%, sectors). Water and hygiene parameters of the whole area were mapped on the GIS platform and quantified. Risk of physical exposure to harmful environment (poor water and sanitation indicators) was significantly associated with the caste of individual household (P=.001), and the path was mediated through the socioeconomic status and density of waste spots (liquid and solid) of the sector in which these households were located. Ground-truthing for ascertaining the land parcel level accuracies, community involvement in mapping exercise, and identification of small habitations not recorded in the administrative data were key learnings. Conclusions: The SOMAARTH DDESS experience allowed us to document and explore dynamic relationships, associations, and pathways across multiple levels of the system (ie, individual, household, neighborhood, and village) through a geospatial interface. This could be used for characterization and monitoring of a wide range of proximal and distal determinants of health. ",
doi="10.2196/publichealth.9749",
url="https://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e66/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30291101"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/publichealth.9022,
author="Delespierre, Tiba
and Josseran, Loic",
title="Issues in Building a Nursing Home Syndromic Surveillance System with Textmining: Longitudinal Observational Study",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Dec",
day="13",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e69",
keywords="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",
keywords="nursing homes",
keywords="syndromic surveillance",
keywords="pattern recognition",
keywords="Delphi technique",
keywords="sentinel surveillance",
abstract="Background: New nursing homes (NH) data warehouses fed from residents' medical records allow monitoring the health of elderly population on a daily basis. Elsewhere, syndromic surveillance has already shown that professional data can be used for public health (PH) surveillance but not during a long-term follow-up of the same cohort. Objective: This study aimed to build and assess a national ecological NH PH surveillance system (SS). Methods: Using a national network of 126 NH, we built a residents' cohort, extracted medical and personal data from their electronic health records, and transmitted them through the internet to a national server almost in real time. After recording sociodemographic, autonomic and syndromic information, a set of 26 syndromes was defined using pattern matching with the standard query language-LIKE operator and a Delphi-like technique, between November 2010 and June 2016. We used early aberration reporting system (EARS) and Bayes surveillance algorithms of the R surveillance package (H{\"o}hle) to assess our influenza and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) syndromic data against the Sentinelles network data, French epidemics gold standard, following Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance system assessment guidelines. Results: By extracting all sociodemographic residents' data, a cohort of 41,061 senior citizens was built. EARS\_C3 algorithm on NH influenza and AGE syndromic data gave sensitivities of 0.482 and 0.539 and specificities of 0.844 and 0.952, respectively, over a 6-year period, forecasting the last influenza outbreak by catching early flu signals. In addition, assessment of influenza and AGE syndromic data quality showed precisions of 0.98 and 0.96 during last season epidemic weeks' peaks (weeks 03-2017 and 01-2017) and precisions of 0.95 and 0.92 during last summer epidemic weeks' low (week 33-2016). Conclusions: This study confirmed that using syndromic information gives a good opportunity to develop a genuine French national PH SS dedicated to senior citizens. Access to senior citizens' free-text validated health data on influenza and AGE responds to a PH issue for the surveillance of this fragile population. This database will also make possible new ecological research on other subjects that will improve prevention, care, and rapid response when facing health threats. ",
doi="10.2196/publichealth.9022",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e69/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30545816"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/11361,
author="Poirier, Canelle
and Lavenu, Audrey
and Bertaud, Val{\'e}rie
and Campillo-Gimenez, Boris
and Chazard, Emmanuel
and Cuggia, Marc
and Bouzill{\'e}, Guillaume",
title="Real Time Influenza Monitoring Using Hospital Big Data in Combination with Machine Learning Methods: Comparison Study",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Dec",
day="21",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e11361",
keywords="electronic health records",
keywords="big data",
keywords="infodemiology",
keywords="infoveillance",
keywords="influenza",
keywords="machine learning",
keywords="Sentinelles network",
abstract="Background: Traditional surveillance systems produce estimates of influenza-like illness (ILI) incidence rates, but with 1- to 3-week delay. Accurate real-time monitoring systems for influenza outbreaks could be useful for making public health decisions. Several studies have investigated the possibility of using internet users' activity data and different statistical models to predict influenza epidemics in near real time. However, very few studies have investigated hospital big data. Objective: Here, we compared internet and electronic health records (EHRs) data and different statistical models to identify the best approach (data type and statistical model) for ILI estimates in real time. Methods: We used Google data for internet data and the clinical data warehouse eHOP, which included all EHRs from Rennes University Hospital (France), for hospital data. We compared 3 statistical models---random forest, elastic net, and support vector machine (SVM). Results: For national ILI incidence rate, the best correlation was 0.98 and the mean squared error (MSE) was 866 obtained with hospital data and the SVM model. For the Brittany region, the best correlation was 0.923 and MSE was 2364 obtained with hospital data and the SVM model. Conclusions: We found that EHR data together with historical epidemiological information (French Sentinelles network) allowed for accurately predicting ILI incidence rates for the entire France as well as for the Brittany region and outperformed the internet data whatever was the statistical model used. Moreover, the performance of the two statistical models, elastic net and SVM, was comparable. ",
doi="10.2196/11361",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e11361/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30578212"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10461,
author="Hoj, H. Taylor
and Bramwell, J. Jacob
and Lister, Cameron
and Grant, Emily
and Crookston, T. Benjamin
and Hall, Cougar
and West, H. Joshua",
title="Increasing Active Transportation Through E-Bike Use: Pilot Study Comparing the Health Benefits, Attitudes, and Beliefs Surrounding E-Bikes and Conventional Bikes",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Nov",
day="29",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e10461",
keywords="physical activity",
keywords="bicycling",
keywords="obesity",
keywords="physical fitness",
keywords="cardiorespiratory fitness",
abstract="Background: The emergence of electric pedal-assist bicycles (e-bikes) presents an opportunity to increase active transportation by minimizing personal barriers of engaging in physical activity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the beliefs of individuals using e-bikes for active transport and report preliminary biometric measurements while using e-bikes for physical activity compared with conventional bikes. Methods: Participants used both conventional bicycles and e-bikes to compare energy expenditure while riding on the study route. Apple smart watches were used to track each participant's heart rate, distance, speed, and time while riding both bicycles. A total of 3 survey instruments were used to estimate beliefs: one administered before riding the bicycles, a second administered after riding a conventional bike, and the final survey completed after riding an e-bike. Survey instruments were constructed using constructs from the theory of planned behavior. Results: The study sample (N=33) included adults aged between 19 and 28 years. Paired t test analysis revealed that participants believed a conventional bike was more likely than an e-bike to benefit their physical health (P=.002) and save them money (P=.005), while an e-bike was perceived to be more likely than a conventional bike to save them time (P<.001). Paired t test analysis revealed participants significantly agreed more with the statement that they could ride an e-bike most days (P=.006) compared with a conventional bike. After participants traveled approximately 10 miles on each type of bicycle, participants' mean average heart rate while riding the e-bike was 6.21 beats per minute lower than when riding the conventional bike (P=.04), but both were significantly higher than resting heart rate (P<.001). Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that e-bikes are an active form of transportation capable of providing much of the cardiovascular health benefits obtained during conventional bike use. E-bikes may help reduce some of the obstacles to conventional bike use, such as increased transportation time, decreased convenience, and physical fatigue. ",
doi="10.2196/10461",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e10461/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30497998"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10262,
author="Odlum, Michelle
and Yoon, Sunmoo
and Broadwell, Peter
and Brewer, Russell
and Kuang, Da",
title="How Twitter Can Support the HIV/AIDS Response to Achieve the 2030 Eradication Goal: In-Depth Thematic Analysis of World AIDS Day Tweets",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Nov",
day="22",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e10262",
keywords="community",
keywords="human rights",
keywords="social network",
keywords="infodemiology",
keywords="infoveillence",
keywords="Twitter",
abstract="Background: HIV/AIDS is a tremendous public health crisis, with a call for its eradication by 2030. A human rights response through civil society engagement is critical to support and sustain HIV eradication efforts. However, ongoing civil engagement is a challenge. Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the use of Twitter data to assess public sentiment in support of civil society engagement. Methods: Tweets were collected during World AIDS Days 2014 and 2015. A total of 39,940 unique tweets (>10 billion users) in 2014 and 78,215 unique tweets (>33 billion users) in 2015 were analyzed. Response frequencies were aggregated using natural language processing. Hierarchical rank-2 nonnegative matrix factorization algorithm generated a hierarchy of tweets into binary trees. Tweet hierarchy clusters were thematically organized by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS core action principles and categorized under HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment or Care, or Support. Results: Topics tweeted 35 times or more were visualized. Results show a decrease in 2015 in the frequency of tweets associated with the fight to end HIV/AIDS, the recognition of women, and to achieve an AIDS-free generation. Moreover, an increase in tweets was associated with an integrative approach to the HIV/AIDS response. Hierarchical thematic differences in 2015 included no prevention discussion and the recognition of the pandemic's impact and discrimination. In addition, a decrease was observed in motivation to fast track the pandemic's end and combat HIV/AIDS. Conclusions: The human rights--based response to HIV/AIDS eradication is critical. Findings demonstrate the usefulness of Twitter as a low-cost method to assess public sentiment for enhanced knowledge, increased hope, and revitalized expectations for HIV/AIDS eradication. ",
doi="10.2196/10262",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e10262/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30467102"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10827,
author="Chen, Shi
and Xu, Qian
and Buchenberger, John
and Bagavathi, Arunkumar
and Fair, Gabriel
and Shaikh, Samira
and Krishnan, Siddharth",
title="Dynamics of Health Agency Response and Public Engagement in Public Health Emergency: A Case Study of CDC Tweeting Patterns During the 2016 Zika Epidemic",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Nov",
day="22",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e10827",
keywords="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",
keywords="public engagement",
keywords="Twitter",
keywords="time series analysis",
keywords="Zika epidemic",
keywords="social media",
keywords="infodemiology",
keywords="infoveillance",
abstract="Background: Social media have been increasingly adopted by health agencies to disseminate information, interact with the public, and understand public opinion. Among them, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is one of the first US government health agencies to adopt social media during health emergencies and crisis. It had been active on Twitter during the 2016 Zika epidemic that caused 5168 domestic noncongenital cases in the United States. Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify the temporal variabilities in CDC's tweeting activities throughout the Zika epidemic, public engagement defined as retweeting and replying, and Zika case counts. It then compares the patterns of these 3 datasets to identify possible discrepancy among domestic Zika case counts, CDC's response on Twitter, and public engagement in this topic. Methods: All of the CDC-initiated tweets published in 2016 with corresponding retweets and replies were collected from 67 CDC--associated Twitter accounts. Both univariate and multivariate time series analyses were performed in each quarter of 2016 for domestic Zika case counts, CDC tweeting activities, and public engagement in the CDC-initiated tweets. Results: CDC sent out >84.0\% (5130/6104) of its Zika tweets in the first quarter of 2016 when Zika case counts were low in the 50 US states and territories (only 560/5168, 10.8\% cases and 662/38,885, 1.70\% cases, respectively). While Zika case counts increased dramatically in the second and third quarters, CDC efforts on Twitter substantially decreased. The time series of public engagement in the CDC-initiated tweets generally differed among quarters and from that of original CDC tweets based on autoregressive integrated moving average model results. Both original CDC tweets and public engagement had the highest mutual information with Zika case counts in the second quarter. Furthermore, public engagement in the original CDC tweets was substantially correlated with and preceded actual Zika case counts. Conclusions: Considerable discrepancies existed among CDC's original tweets regarding Zika, public engagement in these tweets, and actual Zika epidemic. The patterns of these discrepancies also varied between different quarters in 2016. CDC was much more active in the early warning of Zika, especially in the first quarter of 2016. Public engagement in CDC's original tweets served as a more prominent predictor of actual Zika epidemic than the number of CDC's original tweets later in the year. ",
doi="10.2196/10827",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e10827/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30467106"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10834,
author="Tufts, Christopher
and Polsky, Daniel
and Volpp, G. Kevin
and Groeneveld, W. Peter
and Ungar, Lyle
and Merchant, M. Raina
and Pelullo, P. Arthur",
title="Characterizing Tweet Volume and Content About Common Health Conditions Across Pennsylvania: Retrospective Analysis",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Dec",
day="06",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e10834",
keywords="Twitter messaging",
keywords="disease",
keywords="prevalence",
keywords="public health surveillance",
keywords="social media",
abstract="Background: Tweets can provide broad, real-time perspectives about health and medical diagnoses that can inform disease surveillance in geographic regions. Less is known, however, about how much individuals post about common health conditions or what they post about. Objective: We sought to collect and analyze tweets from 1 state about high prevalence health conditions and characterize the tweet volume and content. Methods: We collected 408,296,620 tweets originating in Pennsylvania from 2012-2015 and compared the prevalence of 14 common diseases to the frequency of disease mentions on Twitter. We identified and corrected bias induced due to variance in disease term specificity and used the machine learning approach of differential language analysis to determine the content (words and themes) most highly correlated with each disease. Results: Common disease terms were included in 226,802 tweets (174,381 tweets after disease term correction). Posts about breast cancer (39,156/174,381 messages, 22.45\%; 306,127/12,702,379 prevalence, 2.41\%) and diabetes (40,217/174,381 messages, 23.06\%; 2,189,890/12,702,379 prevalence, 17.24\%) were overrepresented on Twitter relative to disease prevalence, whereas hypertension (17,245/174,381 messages, 9.89\%; 4,614,776/12,702,379 prevalence, 36.33\%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1648/174,381 messages, 0.95\%; 1,083,627/12,702,379 prevalence, 8.53\%), and heart disease (13,669/174,381 messages, 7.84\%; 2,461,721/12,702,379 prevalence, 19.38\%) were underrepresented. The content of messages also varied by disease. Personal experience messages accounted for 12.88\% (578/4487) of prostate cancer tweets and 24.17\% (4046/16,742) of asthma tweets. Awareness-themed tweets were more often about breast cancer (9139/39,156 messages, 23.34\%) than asthma (1040/16,742 messages, 6.21\%). Tweets about risk factors were more often about heart disease (1375/13,669 messages, 10.06\%) than lymphoma (105/4927 messages, 2.13\%). Conclusions: Twitter provides a window into the Web-based visibility of diseases and how the volume of Web-based content about diseases varies by condition. Further, the potential value in tweets is in the rich content they provide about individuals' perspectives about diseases (eg, personal experiences, awareness, and risk factors) that are not otherwise easily captured through traditional surveys or administrative data. ",
doi="10.2196/10834",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e10834/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30522989"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/publichealth.7496,
author="Aoki, Tomohiro
and Suzuki, Teppei
and Yagahara, Ayako
and Hasegawa, Shin
and Tsuji, Shintaro
and Ogasawara, Katsuhiko",
title="Analysis of the Regionality of the Number of Tweets Related to the 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Power Station Disaster: Content Analysis",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Dec",
day="18",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e70",
keywords="Fukushima nuclear disaster",
keywords="Twitter messaging",
keywords="radiation",
keywords="radioactivity",
keywords="radioactive hazard release",
keywords="geographic location",
keywords="information dissemination",
abstract="Background: The Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011, triggered a huge tsunami, causing the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Radioactive substances were carried in all directions, along with the risks of radioactive contamination. Mass media companies, such as television stations and news websites, extensively reported on radiological information related to the disaster. Upon digesting the available radiological information, many citizens turned to social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, to express their opinions and feelings. Thus, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster also changed the social media landscape in Japan. However, few studies have explored how the people in Japan who received information on radiation propagated the information. Objective: This study aimed to reveal how the number of tweets by citizens containing radiological information changed regionally on Twitter. Methods: The research used about 19 million tweets that included the terms ``radiation,'' ``radioactivity,'' and ``radioactive substance'' posted for 1 year after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Nearly 45,000 tweets were extracted based on their inclusion of geographic information (latitude and longitude). The number of monthly tweets in 4 districts (Fukushima Prefecture, prefectures around Fukushima Prefecture, within the Tokyo Electric Power Company area, and others) were analyzed. Results: The number of tweets containing the keywords per 100,000 people at the time of the casualty outbreak was 7.05 per month in Fukushima Prefecture, 2.07 per month in prefectures around Fukushima Prefecture, 5.23 per month in the area within Tokyo Electric Power Company, and 1.35 per month in others. The number of tweets per 100,000 people more than doubled in Fukushima Prefecture 2 months after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, whereas the number decreased to around 0.7{\textasciitilde}0.8 tweets in other districts. Conclusions: The number of tweets per 100,000 people became half of that on March 2011 3 or 4 months after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant disaster in 3 districts except district 1 (Fukushima Prefecture); the number became a half in Fukushima Prefecture half a year later. ",
doi="10.2196/publichealth.7496",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e70/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30563815"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/publichealth.9332,
author="Andrade, Louise Elizabeth
and Evans, Douglas W.
and Barrett, Nicole
and Edberg, Cameron Mark
and Cleary, D. Sean",
title="Strategies to Increase Latino Immigrant Youth Engagement in Health Promotion Using Social Media: Mixed-Methods Study",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Dec",
day="19",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e71",
keywords="social media",
keywords="health promotion",
keywords="Latinos",
keywords="immigrants",
keywords="adolescent",
keywords="Hispanic Americans",
keywords="emigrants and immigrants",
keywords="adolescent health",
abstract="Background: Generating participant engagement in social media applications for health promotion and disease prevention efforts is vital for their effectiveness and increases the likelihood of effecting sustainable behavior change. However, there is limited evidence regarding effective strategies for engaging Latino immigrant youth using social media. As part of the Avance Center for the Advancement of Immigrant/Refugee Health in Washington, DC, USA, we implemented Adelante, a branded primary prevention program, to address risk factors for co-occurring substance use, sexual risk, and interpersonal violence among Latino immigrant adolescents aged 12 to 19 years in a Washington, DC suburb. Objective: The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize Adelante participant Facebook reach and engagement and (2) identify post content and features that resulted in greater user engagement. Methods: We established the Adelante Facebook fan page in October of 2013, and the Adelante social marketing campaign used this platform for campaign activities from September 2015 to September 2016. We used Facebook Insights metrics to examine reach and post engagement of Adelante Facebook page fans (n=743). Data consisted of Facebook fan page posts between October 1, 2013 and September 30, 2016 (n=871). We developed a 2-phased mixed-methods analytical plan and coding scheme, and explored the association between post content categories and features and a composite measure of post engagement using 1-way analysis of variance tests. P<.05 determined statistical significance. Results: Posts on the Adelante Facebook page had a total of 34,318 clicks, 473 comments, 9080 likes or reactions, and 617 shares. Post content categories that were statistically significantly associated with post engagement were Adelante program updates (P<.001); youth achievement showcases (P=.001); news links (P<.001); social marketing campaign posts (P<.001); and prevention topics, including substance abuse (P<.001), safe sex (P=.02), sexually transmitted disease prevention (P<.001), and violence or fighting (P=.047). Post features that were significantly associated with post engagement comprised the inclusion of photos (P<.001); Spanish (P<.001) or bilingual (P=.001) posts; and portrayal of youth of both sexes (P<.001) portrayed in groups (P<.001) that were facilitated by adults (P<.001). Conclusions: Social media outreach is a promising strategy that youth programs can use to complement in-person programming for augmented engagement. The Latino immigrant youth audience in this study had a tendency toward more passive social media consumption, having implications for outreach strategies and engagement measurement in future studies. While study findings confirmed the utility of social marketing campaigns for increasing user engagement, findings also highlighted a high level of engagement among youth with posts that covered casual, day-to-day program activity participation. This finding identifies an underexplored area that should be considered for health messaging, and also supports interventions that use peer-to-peer and user-generated health promotion approaches. ",
doi="10.2196/publichealth.9332",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e71/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30567689"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/11384,
author="Silverman, Taylor
and Asante, Nicole
and van den Berg, J. Jacob",
title="Quality of HIV Websites With Information About Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis or Treatment as Prevention for Men Who Have Sex With Men: Systematic Evaluation",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Oct",
day="16",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e11384",
keywords="pre-exposure prophylaxis",
keywords="treatment as prevention",
keywords="sexual and gender minorities",
keywords="telemedicine",
keywords="African Americans",
keywords="Hispanic Americans",
keywords="HIV",
abstract="Background: Knowledge and uptake of high-efficacy HIV prevention strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and treatment as prevention (TasP) remain low among men who have sex with men (MSM) who are at the highest risk for HIV infection in the United States. Electronic health (eHealth) interventions are promising tools for disseminating information about these critical yet underutilized strategies and addressing key barriers to uptake among target populations. However, existing HIV prevention websites are understudied and unevaluated. Objective: This study aimed to systematically review and evaluate existing HIV websites that include information about PrEP or TasP for MSM. Methods: From March 2018 to May 2018, 2 trained research assistants (RAs) entered relevant key words and phrases into 3 commonly used search engines and applied exclusion criteria to all returned results to identify 31 websites included in this review. RAs independently scored each website for authority, usability, interactivity, and PrEP/TasP-related content based on a standardized rating scale and then averaged the results. Results: No website received a perfect score in any of the 4 categories, and the average website score was 62\% (37/60). Less than a quarter of the websites (23\%, 7/31) received a score of more than 75\% (7.5/10) for content. Approximately two-thirds of the websites (65\%, 20/31) received a score of 50\% (5/10) or lower for interactivity. The average score in usability was 68\% (6.8/10) and in authority was 69\% (6.9/10). Other deficiencies observed included difficulty locating relevant content and lack of information targeting audiences with the highest likelihood of HIV infection. Conclusions: Existing HIV prevention websites with information about PrEP or TasP for MSM fail to provide adequate content as well as present that content to users in an interactive and audience-conscious way. Future eHealth interventions should attempt to rectify these deficiencies to successfully engage and educate MSM at high risk for HIV regarding prevention strategies. ",
doi="10.2196/11384",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e11384/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30327291"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10847,
author="Hirshfield, Sabina
and Teran, A. Richard
and Downing Jr, J. Martin
and Chiasson, Ann Mary
and Tieu, Hong-Van
and Dize, Laura
and Gaydos, A. Charlotte",
title="Quantification of HIV-1 RNA Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Using an At-Home Self-Collected Dried Blood Spot Specimen: Feasibility Study",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Nov",
day="01",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e10847",
keywords="HIV-1",
keywords="viral load",
keywords="dried blood spot testing",
keywords="men who have sex with men",
abstract="Background: Suboptimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and disengagement in care present significant public health challenges because of the increased probability of HIV transmission. In the United States, men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV, highlighting a critical need to engage high-risk MSM living with HIV who are not engaged or retained in care. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of at-home blood self-collection and laboratory quantification of HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) to report laboratory-based VL outcomes and compare self-reported and laboratory-reported VL Methods: Between 2016 and 2017, 766 US HIV-positive MSM enrolled in a Web-based behavioral intervention were invited to participate in an at-home dried blood spot (DBS) collection study using HemaSpot-HF kits (Spot On Sciences, Inc, Austin, TX) for laboratory-quantified VL. Results: Of those invited to participate, 72.3\% (554/766) enrolled in the DBS study. Most (79.2\%, 439/554) men enrolled reported attempting to collect their blood, 75.5\% (418/554) of participants mailed a DBS specimen to the research laboratory, and 60.8\% (337/554) had an adequate blood sample for VL testing. Of the 337 specimens tested for VL by the laboratory, 52.5\% (177/337) had detectable VL (median: 3508 copies/mL; range: 851-1,202,265 copies/mL). Most men (83.9\%, 135/161) who returned a DBS specimen with laboratory-quantified detectable VL self-reported an undetectable VL during their last clinical visit. Conclusions: Home collection of DBS samples from HIV-positive MSM is feasible and has the potential to support clinical VL monitoring. Discrepant laboratory HIV-1 RNA values and self-reported VL indicate a need to address perceived VL status, especially in the era of treatment as prevention. Most participants were willing to use an at-home DBS kit in the future, signaling an opportunity to engage high-risk MSM in long-term HIV care activities. ",
doi="10.2196/10847",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e10847/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30389648"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10770,
author="Selik, M. Richard
and Linley, Laurie",
title="Viral Loads Within 6 Weeks After Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Early and Later Stages: Observational Study Using National Surveillance Data",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Nov",
day="05",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e10770",
keywords="acute HIV infection",
keywords="early HIV infection",
keywords="primary HIV infection",
keywords="HIV testing",
keywords="viral load",
abstract="Background: Early (including acute) HIV infection is associated with viral loads higher than those in later stages. Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between acute infection and viral loads near the time of diagnosis using data reported to the US National HIV Surveillance System. Methods: We analyzed data on infections diagnosed in 2012-2016 and reported through December 2017. Diagnosis and staging were based on the 2014 US surveillance case definition for HIV infection. We divided early HIV-1 infection (stage 0) into two subcategories. Subcategory 0$\alpha$: a negative or indeterminate HIV-1 antibody test was ?60 days after the first confirmed positive HIV-1 test or a negative or indeterminate antibody test or qualitative HIV-1 nucleic acid test (NAT) was ?180 days before the first positive test, the latter being a NAT or detectable viral load. Subcategory 0$\beta$: a negative or indeterminate antibody or qualitative NAT was ?180 days before the first positive test, the latter being an HIV antibody or antigen/antibody test. We compared median earliest viral loads for each stage and subcategory in each of the first 6 weeks after diagnosis using only the earliest viral load for each individual. Results: Of 203,392 infections, 56.69\% (115,297/203,392) were reported with a quantified earliest viral load within 6 weeks after diagnosis and criteria sufficient to determine the stage at diagnosis. Among 5081 infections at stage 0, the median earliest viral load fell from 694,000 copies/mL in week 1 to 125,022 in week 2 and 43,473 by week 6. Among 30,910 infections in stage 1, the median earliest viral load ranged 15,412-17,495. Among 42,784 infections in stage 2, the median viral load declined from 44,973 in week 1 to 38,497 in week 6. Among 36,522 infections in stage 3 (AIDS), the median viral load dropped from 205,862 in week 1 to 119,000 in week 6. The median earliest viral load in stage 0 subcategory 0$\alpha$ fell from 1,344,590 copies/mL in week 1 to 362,467 in week 2 and 47,320 in week 6, while that in subcategory 0$\beta$ was 70,114 copies/mL in week 1 and then 32,033 to 44,067 in weeks 2-6. The median viral load in subcategory 0$\alpha$ was higher than that in subcategory 0$\beta$ in each of the first 6 weeks after diagnosis (P<.001). Conclusions: In the 1st week after diagnosis, viral loads in early infections are generally several times higher than those in later stages at diagnosis. By the 3rd week, however, most are lower than those in stage 3. High viral loads in early infection are much more common in subcategory 0$\alpha$ than in subcategory 0$\beta$, consistent with 0$\alpha$ comprising mostly acute infections and 0$\beta$ comprising mostly postacute early infections. These findings may inform the prioritization of interventions for prevention. ",
doi="10.2196/10770",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e10770/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30401660"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/12397,
author="Dulli, Lisa
and Ridgeway, Kathleen
and Packer, Catherine
and Plourde, F. Kate
and Mumuni, Tolulope
and Idaboh, Tosin
and Olumide, Adesola
and Ojengbede, Oladosu
and McCarraher, R. Donna",
title="An Online Support Group Intervention for Adolescents Living with HIV in Nigeria: A Pre-Post Test Study",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Nov",
day="28",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e12397",
keywords="adolescents",
keywords="digital health intervention",
keywords="HIV care continuum",
keywords="social support",
abstract="Background: Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIVs) enrolled in HIV treatment services experience greater loss to follow-up and suboptimal adherence than other age groups. HIV-related stigma, disclosure-related issues, lack of social support, and limited HIV knowledge impede adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and retention in HIV services. The 90-90-90 goals for ALHIVs will only be met through strategies targeted to meet their specific needs. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implementing a social media-based intervention to improve HIV knowledge, social support, ART adherence, and retention among ALHIV aged 15-19 years on ART in Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a single-group pre-post test study from June 2017 to January 2018. We adapted an existing support group curriculum and delivered it through trained facilitators in 5 support groups by using Facebook groups. This pilot intervention included five 1-week sessions. We conducted structured interviews with participants before and after the intervention, extracted clinical data, and documented intervention implementation and participation. In-depth interviews were conducted with a subset of participants at study completion. Quantitative data from structured interviews and group participation data were summarized descriptively, and qualitative data were coded and summarized. Results: A total of 41 ALHIV enrolled in the study. At baseline, 93\% of participants reported existing phone access; 65\% used the internet, and 64\% were Facebook users. In addition, 37 participants completed the 5-session intervention, 32 actively posted comments in at least one session online, and at least half commented in each of the 5 sessions. Facilitators delivered most sessions as intended and on-time. Participants were enthusiastic about the intervention. Aspects of the intervention liked most by participants included interacting with other ALHIVs; learning about HIV; and sharing questions, experiences, and fears. The key recommendations were to include larger support groups and encourage more group interaction. Specific recommendations on various intervention components were made to improve the intervention. Conclusions: This novel intervention was feasible to implement in a predominantly suburban and rural Nigerian setting. Social media may be leveraged to provide much-needed information and social support on platforms accessible and familiar to many people, even in resource-constrained communities. Our findings have been incorporated into the intervention, and an outcome study is underway. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03076996; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03076996 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/73oCCEBBC). ",
doi="10.2196/12397",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e12397/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30487116"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10352,
author="Rat, C{\'e}dric
and Schmeltz, Heloise
and Rocher, Sylvain
and Nanin, France
and Gaultier, Aur{\'e}lie
and Nguyen, Jean-Michel",
title="Factors Related to Prostate-Specific Antigen--Based Prostate Cancer Screening in Primary Care: Retrospective Cohort Study of 120,587 French Men Over the Age of 50 Years",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Oct",
day="23",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e10352",
keywords="prostate cancer",
keywords="screening",
keywords="prostate-specific antigen testing",
keywords="general practice",
keywords="primary care",
abstract="Background: International guidelines recommend avoiding prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based prostate cancer screening in the elderly when life expectancy is less than 10 years. For younger men, most recommendations encourage a shared decision-making process taking into account patient comorbidities. Objective: The objective was to assess the performance of PSA-based prostate cancer screening in men older than 74 years and assess whether the presence (vs absence) of comorbidities was related to the performance of PSA testing in younger men aged 50 to 74 years who were eligible for screening. Methods: We analyzed data from the French national health care database (Loire-Atlantique geographic area). We reported the follow-up of two cohorts of men from April 1, 2014, to March 31, 2016: 22,480 men aged over 74 years and 98,107 men aged 50 to 74 years. We analyzed whether these patients underwent PSA testing after 2 years of follow-up and whether PSA testing performance was related to the following patient-related variables: age, low income, proxy measures indicative of major comorbidities (repeated ambulance transportation, having one of 30 chronic diseases, taking 5 or more drugs per day), or proxy measures indicative of specific comorbidities (cancer diseases, cardiovascular diseases, or psychiatric disorders). Statistical analysis was based on a multivariate mixed-effects logistic regression. Results: The proportion of patients who underwent a PSA-based screening test was 41.35\% (9296/22,480) among men older than 74 years versus 41.05\% (40,275/98,107) among men aged 50 to 74 years. The following factors were associated with less frequent PSA testing in men older than 74 years---age (odds ratio [OR] 0.89, 95\% CI 0.88-0.89), low income (OR 0.18, 95\% CI 0.05-0.69), suffering from a chronic disease (OR 0.82, 95\% CI 0.76-0.88), repeated ambulance transportation (OR 0.37, 95\% CI 0.31-0.44), diabetes requiring insulin (OR 0.51, 95\% CI 0.43-0.60), dementia (OR 0.68, 95\% CI 0.55-0.84), and antipsychotic treatment (OR 0.62, 95\% CI 0.51-0.75)---whereas cardiovascular drug treatment was associated with more frequent PSA testing (OR 1.6, 95\% CI 1.53-1.84). The following factors were associated with less frequent PSA testing in men aged 50 to 74 years---low income (OR 0.61, 95\% CI 0.55-0.68); nonspecific conditions related to frailty: suffering from a chronic disease (OR 0.80, 95\% CI 0.76-0.83), repeated ambulance transportation (OR 0.29, 95\% CI 0.23-0.38), or chronic treatment with 5 or more drugs (OR 0.89, 95\% CI 0.83-0.96); and various specific comorbidities: anticancer drug treatment (OR 0.67, 95\% CI 0.55-0.83), diabetes requiring insulin (OR 0.55, 95\% CI 0.49-0.61), and antiaggregant treatment (OR 0.91, 95\% CI 0.86-0.96)---whereas older age (OR 1.07, 95\% CI 1.07-1.08) and treatment with other cardiovascular drugs (OR 2.23, 95\% CI 2.15-2.32) were associated with more frequent PSA testing. Conclusions: In this study, 41.35\% (9296/22,480) of French men older than 74 years had a PSA-based screening test. Although it depends on patient comorbidities, PSA testing remains inappropriate in certain populations. ",
doi="10.2196/10352",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e10352/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355559"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/publichealth.9616,
author="Genevi{\`e}ve, Darryl Lester
and Wangmo, Tenzin
and Dietrich, Damien
and Woolley-Meza, Olivia
and Flahault, Antoine
and Elger, Simone Bernice",
title="Research Ethics in the European Influenzanet Consortium: Scoping Review",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Oct",
day="10",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e67",
keywords="communicable diseases",
keywords="influenza, human",
keywords="public health surveillance",
keywords="research ethics",
keywords="web-based technologies",
keywords="mobile phones",
keywords="smartphone",
keywords="participatory surveillance",
abstract="Background: Influenzanet was launched in several European countries to monitor influenza-like illness during flu seasons with the help of volunteering participants and Web-based technologies. As in the case of developing fields, ethical approaches are not well developed in the collection, processing, and analysis of participants' information. Existing controversies and varying national ethical regulations can, thus, hamper efficient cross-border research collaboration to the detriment of quality disease surveillance. Objective: This scoping review characterizes current practices on how ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSIs) pertinent to research ethics are handled by different Influenzanet country groups to analyze similarities and identify the need for further harmonization of ethical approaches. Methods: A literature search was carried out on PubMed, Web of Science, Global Digital Library on Ethics, and Bioethics Literature Database to identify ELSIs for Influenzanet country platforms. Only English-language papers were included with publication dates from 2003 to 2017. Publications were screened for the application of bioethics principles in the implementation of country platforms. Additional publications gathered from the Influenzanet Consortium website, reference screening, and conference proceeding were screened for ELSIs. Results: We gathered 96 papers from our search methodology. In total, 28 papers that mentioned ELSIs were identified and included in this study. The Research Ethics Committee (REC) approvals were sought for recruiting participants and collecting their data in 8 of 11 country platforms and informed e-consent was sought from participants in 9 of 11 country platforms. Furthermore, personal data protection was ensured throughout the Consortium using data anonymization before processing and analysis and using aggregated data. Conclusions: Epidemics forecasting activities, such as Influenzanet, are beneficial; however, its benefits could be further increased through the harmonization of data gathering and ethical requirements. This objective is achievable by the Consortium. More transparency should be promoted concerning REC-approved research for Influenzanet-like systems. The validity of informed e-consent could also be increased through the provision of a user friendly and standard information sheet across the Consortium where participants agree to its terms, conditions, and privacy policies before being able to fill in the questionnaire. This will help to build trust in the general public while preventing any decline in participation. ",
doi="10.2196/publichealth.9616",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e67/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30305258"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10989,
author="Patel, Pragna
and Sabin, Keith
and Godfrey-Faussett, Peter",
title="Approaches to Improve the Surveillance, Monitoring, and Management of Noncommunicable Diseases in HIV-Infected Persons: Viewpoint",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Dec",
day="20",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e10989",
keywords="HIV",
keywords="noncommunicable diseases",
keywords="systems integration",
keywords="epidemiologic surveillance",
doi="10.2196/10989",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e10989/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30573446"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10436,
author="Waruru, Anthony
and Natukunda, Agnes
and Nyagah, M. Lilly
and Kellogg, A. Timothy
and Zielinski-Gutierrez, Emily
and Waruiru, Wanjiru
and Masamaro, Kenneth
and Harklerode, Richelle
and Odhiambo, Jacob
and Manders, Eric-Jan
and Young, W. Peter",
title="Where No Universal Health Care Identifier Exists: Comparison and Determination of the Utility of Score-Based Persons Matching Algorithms Using Demographic Data",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Dec",
day="13",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e10436",
keywords="deterministic matching",
keywords="score-based matching",
keywords="HIV case-based surveillance",
keywords="unique case identification",
keywords="universal health care identifier",
abstract="Background: A universal health care identifier (UHID) facilitates the development of longitudinal medical records in health care settings where follow up and tracking of persons across health care sectors are needed. HIV case-based surveillance (CBS) entails longitudinal follow up of HIV cases from diagnosis, linkage to care and treatment, and is recommended for second generation HIV surveillance. In the absence of a UHID, records matching, linking, and deduplication may be done using score-based persons matching algorithms. We present a stepwise process of score-based persons matching algorithms based on demographic data to improve HIV CBS and other longitudinal data systems. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare deterministic and score-based persons matching algorithms in records linkage and matching using demographic data in settings without a UHID. Methods: We used HIV CBS pilot data from 124 facilities in 2 high HIV-burden counties (Siaya and Kisumu) in western Kenya. For efficient processing, data were grouped into 3 scenarios within (1) HIV testing services (HTS), (2) HTS-care, and (3) within care. In deterministic matching, we directly compared identifiers and pseudo-identifiers from medical records to determine matches. We used R stringdist package for Jaro, Jaro-Winkler score-based matching and Levenshtein, and Damerau-Levenshtein string edit distance calculation methods. For the Jaro-Winkler method, we used a penalty (?)=0.1 and applied 4 weights ($\omega$) to Levenshtein and Damerau-Levenshtein: deletion $\omega$=0.8, insertion $\omega$=0.8, substitutions $\omega$=1, and transposition $\omega$=0.5. Results: We abstracted 12,157 cases of which 4073/12,157 (33.5\%) were from HTS, 1091/12,157 (9.0\%) from HTS-care, and 6993/12,157 (57.5\%) within care. Using the deterministic process 435/12,157 (3.6\%) duplicate records were identified, yielding 96.4\% (11,722/12,157) unique cases. Overall, of the score-based methods, Jaro-Winkler yielded the most duplicate records (686/12,157, 5.6\%) while Jaro yielded the least duplicates (546/12,157, 4.5\%), and Levenshtein and Damerau-Levenshtein yielded 4.6\% (563/12,157) duplicates. Specifically, duplicate records yielded by method were: (1) Jaro 5.7\% (234/4073) within HTS, 0.4\% (4/1091) in HTS-care, and 4.4\% (308/6993) within care, (2) Jaro-Winkler 7.4\% (302/4073) within HTS, 0.5\% (6/1091) in HTS-care, and 5.4\% (378/6993) within care, (3) Levenshtein 6.4\% (262/4073) within HTS, 0.4\% (4/1091) in HTS-care, and 4.2\% (297/6993) within care, and (4) Damerau-Levenshtein 6.4\% (262/4073) within HTS, 0.4\% (4/1091) in HTS-care, and 4.2\% (297/6993) within care. Conclusions: Without deduplication, over reporting occurs across the care and treatment cascade. Jaro-Winkler score-based matching performed the best in identifying matches. A pragmatic estimate of duplicates in health care settings can provide a corrective factor for modeled estimates, for targeting and program planning. We propose that even without a UHID, standard national deduplication and persons-matching algorithm that utilizes demographic data would improve accuracy in monitoring HIV care clinical cascades. ",
doi="10.2196/10436",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e10436/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30545805"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/publichealth.9015,
author="Tom-Aba, Daniel
and Nguku, Mboya Patrick
and Arinze, Chukwujekwu Chinedu
and Krause, Gerard",
title="Assessing the Concepts and Designs of 58 Mobile Apps for the Management of the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola Outbreak: Systematic Review",
journal="JMIR Public Health Surveill",
year="2018",
month="Oct",
day="29",
volume="4",
number="4",
pages="e68",
keywords="case management",
keywords="contact tracing",
keywords="Ebola virus disease",
keywords="eHealth",
keywords="mHealth",
keywords="systematic review",
keywords="West Africa",
abstract="Background: The use of mobile phone information technology (IT) in the health sector has received much attention especially during the 2014-2015 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak. mHealth can be attributed to a major improvement in EVD control, but there lacks an overview of what kinds of tools were available and used based on the functionalities they offer. Objective: We aimed to conduct a systematic review of mHealth tools in the context of the recent EVD outbreak to identify the most promising approaches and guide further mHealth developments for infectious disease control. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we searched for all reports on mHealth tools developed in the context of the 2014-2015 EVD outbreak published between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015 on Google Scholar, MEDLINE, CAB Abstracts (Global Health), POPLINE, and Web of Science in any language using the search strategy: (``outbreak'' OR ``epidemic'') AND (``mobile phone'' OR ``smartphone'' OR ``smart phone'' OR ``mobile phone'' OR ``tablet'' OR ``mHealth'') AND (``Ebola'' OR ''EVD'' OR ``VHF'' OR ``Ebola virus disease'' OR ``viral hemorrhagic fever'') AND (``2014'' OR ``2015''). The relevant publications were selected by 2 independent reviewers who applied a standardized data extraction form on the tools' functionalities. Results: We identified 1220 publications through the search strategy, of which 6.31\% (77/1220) were original publications reporting on 58 specific mHealth tools in the context of the EVD outbreak. Of these, 62\% (34/55) offered functionalities for surveillance, 22\% (10/45) for case management, 18\% (7/38) for contact tracing, and 6\% (3/51) for laboratory data management. Only 3 tools, namely Community Care, Sense Ebola Followup, and Surveillance and Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System supported all four of these functionalities. Conclusions: Among the 58 identified tools related to EVD management in 2014 and 2015, only 3 appeared to contain all 4 key functionalities relevant for the response to EVD outbreaks and may be most promising for further development. ",
doi="10.2196/publichealth.9015",
url="http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e68/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30373727"
}