TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vaidya, Rama
AU  - Vaidya, Ashok D B
AU  - Sheth, Jayesh
AU  - Jadhav, Shashank
AU  - Mahale, Umakant
AU  - Mehta, Dilip
AU  - Popko, Janusz
AU  - Badmaev, Vladimir
AU  - Stohs, Sidney J
PY  - 2022
DA  - 2022/2/3
TI  - Vitamin K Insufficiency in the Indian Population: Pilot Observational Epidemiology Study
JO  - JMIR Public Health Surveill
SP  - e31941
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
KW  - phylloquinone
KW  - menaquinone-7
KW  - vitamin K1
KW  - vitamin K2
KW  - insufficiency
KW  - deficiency
KW  - Indian population
KW  - diabetes
KW  - healthy people
AB  - Background: The fat-soluble K vitamins K1 and K2 play an essential role in the blood coagulation cascade and are made available predominantly through selective dietary intakes. They are less known for their nonessential roles in a family of vitamin K–dependent proteins that promote various functions of organs and systems in the body. A lack of vitamin K can characterize vitamin and nutritional element insufficiency, which is different from a clinically apparent vitamin deficiency. Objective: This epidemiological study evaluated the nutritional status of vitamin K in a sample of the Indian population and vitamin K content in staple Indian foods. Methods: Serum levels of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 in the form of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) were assessed via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection in 209 patients with type 2 diabetes, 50 healthy volunteers, and common staple foods in India. Results: After comparing populations with high and low serum vitamin K levels from various geographical regions, our results indicated that the sample of healthy Indian individuals and the sample of Indian patients with type 2 diabetes had low (insufficient) levels of vitamin K2 (MK-7; range 0.3-0.4 ng/mL). No significant differences existed in vitamin K1–related and MK-7–related values between healthy male and female subjects, between male and female subjects with diabetes, and between the healthy sample and the sample of patients with diabetes. The staple, commonly consumed Indian foods that were tested in this study had undetectable levels of vitamin K2, while levels of vitamin K1 varied widely (range 0-37 µg/100 g). Conclusions: Based on our sample’s low serum levels of vitamin K2 (MK-7) as well as the low levels of vitamin K2 in their typical diet, we propose that the general Indian population could benefit from the consumption of vitamin K2 in the form of MK-7 supplements. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2019/05/014246; http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=21660&EncHid=&userName=014246; Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2019/03/018278; http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=32349&EncHid=&userName=018278 
SN  - 2369-2960
UR  - https://publichealth.jmir.org/2022/2/e31941
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2196/31941
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35113033
DO  - 10.2196/31941
ID  - info:doi/10.2196/31941
ER  -