The participation in medical cannabis (MC) programs has expanded rapidly in the United States—from 678,408 registered patients in 2016 to 2,974,433 in 2020 and approximately 3,641,949 in December 2024; in Florida alone, 921,698 patients were participating in the statewide MC program as of August 2025 [1-3]. Given the rapid expansion and persistent evidence gaps on therapeutic benefits and risks, rigorous studies of MC safety and effectiveness are urgently needed [4-6]. Understanding patients’ and certifying providers’ preferences can help identify high-priority research areas, for example when qualifying medical conditions (QMCs) with limited evidence on medical cannabis safety and effectiveness are overrepresented among certified patients relative to their prevalence in the general population. While prior studies report the most frequently certified conditions in medical cannabis programs, little is known about how conditions for which MC is used aligns with disease prevalences, and hence patient and provider preferences across different conditions to explore medical cannabis as alternative or supplemental treatment [2,7]. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of QMCs among medical cannabis patients in Florida to population-based prevalences of these conditions.

We analyzed data from the Florida Medical Marijuana Use Registry to identify QMC among patients with a MC certification in 2025.

The Medical Marijuana Use Registry includes data from all Florida patients who were certified by a physician to receive MC for one or more legally QMCs (the condition that is intended to be treated). Data is generated via standardized online templates from physicians authorized to order medical cannabis for patients. We excluded records with a missing patient identifier or recorded sex, non-resident status or implausible certification dates (closure date preceding the start date).

We extracted US-specific disease prevalences from peer-reviewed literature and scientific reports, focusing on Florida or, if unavailable, the southern United States, or the United States. We prioritized reports that estimated prevalence across the entire population over reports for selected subpopulation, eg, only those with private health insurance.

Allowing multiple QMCs per patient, we calculated condition-specific prevalences by dividing the number of patients with a specific qualifying medical condition on their MC certification in 2025 by the total number of patients with MC certification in 2025. Patients with multiple QMCs were only counted once in the denominator. We then computed prevalence ratios by dividing the Medical Marijuana Use Registry data-derived prevalence for each qualifying medical condition by the population-based prevalence of this condition in Florida.

We supplemented reported prevalence with the level of evidence supporting the effectiveness of medical cannabis for each condition based on the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report from 2017 that comprehensively investigated the evidence for health effects in cannabis and cannabinoids and an update from a recent published comprehensive mapping review [4,5]. Data analysis was conducted with SAS software (version 9.4).

Of 779,673 qualifying patients in the Medical Marijuana Use Registry in 2025, 8493 (1.09%) were excluded: 7304 (0.94%) nonresidents, 1186 (0.15%) with implausible certification dates, and 3 (<0.01%) with missing recorded sex—yielding 771,180 qualifying patients. The median age was 46.0 years (IQR 34.0‐61.0); 342,258 (44.38%) were female and 428,922 (55.62%) were male. The most prevalent QMCs per 100,000 patients certified to use medical cannabis in Florida in 2025 (Table 1) were posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (81,519), chronic pain (24,081), and multiple sclerosis (12,938). The three QMCs with the lowest prevalence per 100,000 certified patients were acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (174), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (302), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (860). When compared to population-based prevalences, most conditions were more common in the Medical Marijuana Use Registry.

We observed pronounced variations in the ratio of Medical Marijuana Use Registry-based and general population prevalences across QMCs. Notably, ALS demonstrated the highest ratio (77.4), indicating a substantially higher representation among medical cannabis users. This was followed by MS (47.5), and Crohn’s disease (10.4). In contrast, chronic nonmalignant pain (1.0) had similar, and conditions like AIDS (0.6) had lower representation in the Medical Marijuana Use Registry than in the general population. The level of evidence supporting effectiveness of medical cannabis as treatment was substantial for epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and chronic non-malignant pain, and limited or insufficient for the remainder.

In this cross-sectional study, we found that the prevalence of QMCs among certified MC users in Florida differed from general population disease prevalences suggesting that patients’ and physicians’ perceptions of MC’s role as alternative treatment differs across conditions [18]. Indications with limited or substantial evidence for medical cannabis’s effectiveness were evenly distributed among under- and overrepresented conditions, indicating that the level of evidence for medical cannabis’s effectiveness is not the dominant factor in driving certifications for MC. This finding aligns with previous research suggesting that the evidence base for a qualifying condition appears not to be the main aspect facilitating certifications for medical cannabis [7].

Our study’s limitations include its geographic confinement to Florida, inability to ascertain patients’ primary reason for MC use as this might be different from certifiable conditions under Florida law, and variation in physician certification practices of registry recorded QMCs. We also relied on prevalence estimates from different sources that were not always specific to Florida and used different approaches. Future studies should test reproducibility in other states, develop state-specific general-population prevalence estimates for QMCs to improve comparisons, and examine the relationship between patients’ QMCs in the Medical Marijuana Use Registry and patients’ documented medical histories.

To conclude, our findings define important research priorities regarding the evaluation of both effectiveness and safety of MC for conditions that appear to be important reasons for patients to consider MC. Future studies to investigate the effectiveness and safety of cannabis should consider these research priorities.