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The American Men’s Internet Survey (AMIS) is an annual Web-based behavioral survey of men who have sex with men (MSM) who live in the United States. This Rapid Surveillance Report describes the fifth cycle of data collection (July 2017 to November 2017: AMIS 2017). The key indicators are the same as those previously reported for past AMIS cycles (December 2013 to May 2014: AMIS 2013; November 2014 to April 2015: AMIS 2014; September 2015 to April 2016: AMIS 2015; and September 2016 to February 2017: AMIS 2016). The AMIS methodology has not substantively changed since AMIS 2016. The MSM were recruited from a variety of websites using banner advertisements and email blasts. Additionally, participants from AMIS 2016 who agreed to be recontacted for future research were emailed a link to AMIS 2017. Men were eligible to participate if they were aged ≥15 years, resided in the United States, provided a valid US zone improvement plan code, and reported ever having sex with a man or identified as gay or bisexual. The analysis was limited to those who reported having oral or anal sex with a male partner in the past 12 months. We examined demographic and recruitment characteristics using multivariable regression modeling (
The American Men’s Internet Survey (AMIS) is an annual Web-based behavioral survey of men who have sex with men (MSM) who live in the United States. AMIS was developed to produce timely data from large-scale monitoring of behavior trends among MSM recruited on the Web. It was designed to complement the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) system, which collects data on MSM in major US cities every 3 years through venue-based recruitment [
The methods and past AMIS cycle data (AMIS 2013, AMIS 2014, AMIS 2015, and AMIS 2016) have been previously published [
This supplemental report has updated the existing information with data collected in AMIS 2017. The methods in AMIS 2017 have not changed from the previously published methods, unless otherwise noted. An in-depth analysis and discussion of multiyear trends for indicators reported herein has been published and includes data for the first 4 cycles of AMIS (AMIS 2013 to AMIS 2016) [
Similar to the previous year’s recruitment process, AMIS participants were recruited through convenience sampling from a variety of websites using banner advertisements or email blasts to members of the website (hereafter referred to generically as
Several data cleaning steps were performed on the raw dataset of eligible responses to obtain the final analysis dataset, in the same manner as in previous AMIS cycles [
First, to deduplicate survey responses, demographic data for near-complete (>70%) survey responses with nonunique internet protocol addresses were compared, and responses that showed a 100% match for all characteristics were considered to be duplicate responses. Only the observation with highest survey completion was retained. The dataset was, then, limited to those surveys that were deemed successful. Finally, the dataset was restricted to include participants who reported having oral or anal sex in the past 12 months and who provided a valid US ZIP code. ZIP codes were validated in the same manner as done in AMIS 2016 [
For the AMIS 2017 analyses, participants were categorized as either AMIS 2016 participants who took the survey again or new participants from the website/app based on the target audience and purpose: gay social networking (n=2), gay general interest (n=1), general social networking (n=4), and geospatial social networking (n=2). Recruitment outcomes and demographic characteristics for the AMIS 2017 participants are presented in
To facilitate comparisons, the key indicators and analytic approach used in AMIS were designed to mirror those used by the NHBS system [
The analysis methods for AMIS 2017 did not substantively differ from those previously published but are repeated in this report for clarity. Overall, chi-square tests were used to identify whether participant characteristics differed significantly among recruitment sources. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to determine significant differences in behaviors based on the self-reported HIV status while controlling for race/ethnicity, age group, NHBS city residency, and type of recruitment website. The metropolitan statistical areas included in the NHBS system in 2017 were as follows: Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Detroit, Michigan; Houston, Texax; Los Angeles, California; Memphis, Tennessee; Miami, Florida; Nassau-Suffolk, New York; New Orleans, Louisiana, New York City, New York; Newark, New Jersey; Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Portland, Oregon; San Diego, California; San Francisco, California; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Seattle, Washington; Virginia Beach-Norfolk, Virginia; and Washington, District of Columbia. HIV testing behaviors were only examined among those who did not report that they were HIV positive, and these data were presented in participant characteristics. The multivariable logistic regression results were presented as Wald chi-square
Recruitment outcomes for the American Men’s Internet Survey, United States, 2017.
Recruitment outcomes | Total | Gay social networking (n=2)a | General gay interest (n=1)a | General social networking (n=4)a | Geospatial social networking (n=2)a | AMISb 2016 participants | |||||||
Clicked ad, N | 210,505 | 4700 | 421 | 191,958 | 13,426 | N/Ac | |||||||
Screenedd, n (%) | 69,002 (32.78) | 3136 (66.72) | 394 (93.59) | 51,472 (26.81) | 12,306 (91.66) | 1694 | |||||||
|
40,299 (58.40) | 461 (14.70) | 247 (62.69) | 36,970 (71.83) | 2507 (20.37) | 114 (6.73) | |||||||
|
Not >15 years of agef | 5297 (13.14) | 34 (7.38) | 2 (0.81) | 5025 (13.59) | 230 (9.17) | 6 (5.26) | ||||||
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Not malef | 21,409 (53.13) | 345 (74.84) | 59 (23.89) | 19,084 (51.62) | 1832 (73.08) | 89 (78.07) | ||||||
|
Not MSMg ever or not identifying as gay/bisexualf | 39,528 (98.09) | 414 (89.80) | 68 (27.53) | 36,746 (99.39) | 2191 (87.40) | 109 (95.61) | ||||||
|
Nonresidentf | 19,997 (49.62) | 280 (60.74) | 236 (95.55) | 17,619 (47.66) | 1800 (71.80) | 62 (54.39) | ||||||
Eligiblee, n (%) | 28,703 (41.60) | 2675 (85.30) | 147 (37.31) | 14,502 (28.17) | 9799 (79.63) | 1580 (93.27) | |||||||
Consentedh, n (%) | 21,731 (75.71) | 2065 (77.20) | 129 (87.76) | 10,483 (72.29) | 7578 (77.33) | 1476 (93.42) | |||||||
Unduplicatedi, n (%) | 18,346 (84.42) | 1874 (90.75) | 120 (93.02) | 8328 (79.44) | 6682 (88.18) | 1342 (90.92) | |||||||
Successj, n (%) | 11,159 (60.83) | 1398 (74.60) | 95 (79.17) | 4298 (51.61) | 4170 (62.41) | 1198 (89.27) | |||||||
MSM in the past 12 monthsk, n (%) | 10,113 (90.63) | 1305 (93.35) | 86 (90.53) | 3675 (85.50) | 3953 (94.80) | 1094 (91.32) | |||||||
Valid ZIPl codem, n (%) | 10,049 (99.37) | 1293 (99.08) | 85 (98.84) | 3648 (99.27) | 3931 (99.44) | 1092 (99.82) |
aRefers to the number of websites or apps in this category.
bAMIS: American Men’s Internet Survey.
cN/A: not applicable.
dProportion of total participants who clicked the ad, including those who started the screening questionnaire.
eProportion of total participants screened. Participants who did not complete the screening questionnaire were considered ineligible.
fProportion of total ineligible participants, including those who did not respond to the question.
gMSM: men who have sex with men.
hProportion of eligible participants.
iProportion of participants who consented. Deduplication removes participants who were marked as duplicates using the internet protocol address and demographic data matching.
jProportion of unduplicated participants. Success removes participants who did not pass the test for survey completeness.
kProportion of successes.
lZIP: zone improvement plan.
mProportion of men who had sex with men in the past 12 months. Valid US ZIP codes were those that could be matched to the ZIP code for county crosswalk files created by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Any ZIP codes that could not be matched to this list were then hand-validated by checking against the ZIP code locator tool in the US Postal Service website. ZIP codes that could not be found were classified as invalid.
Characteristics of men who have sex with men in the American Men’s Internet Survey by recruitment type, United States, 2017.
Participant characteristics | Total | Gay social networking (n=2)a | General gay interest (n=1)a | General social networking (n=3)a | Geospatial social networking (n=2)a | AMISb 2016 participants | |||
|
|
||||||||
|
Black, non-Hispanic | 654 (6.51) | 93 (7.19) | 1 (1.18) | 255 (6.99) | 230 (5.85) | 75 (6.87) |
|
|
|
Hispanic | 1538 (15.31) | 69 (5.34) | 9 (10.59) | 719 (19.71) | 614 (15.62) | 127 (11.63) |
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|
|
White, non-Hispanic | 6955 (69.21) | 1056 (81.67) | 70 (82.35) | 2371 (64.99) | 2662 (67.72) | 796 (72.89) |
|
|
|
Other or multiple races | 687 (6.84) | 51 (3.94) | 4 (4.71) | 234 (6.41) | 315 (8.01) | 83 (7.60) |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
15-24 | 2726 (27.13) | 28 (2.17) | 6 (7.06) | 1736 (47.59) | 779 (19.82) | 177 (16.21) |
|
|
|
25-29 | 1246 (12.40) | 43 (3.33) | 11 (12.94) | 288 (7.89) | 696 (17.71) | 208 (19.05) |
|
|
|
30-39 | 1592 (15.84) | 113 (8.74) | 18 (21.18) | 358 (9.81) | 887 (22.56) | 216 (19.78) |
|
|
|
40 or older | 4485 (44.63) | 1109 (85.77) | 50 (58.82) | 1266 (34.70) | 1569 (39.91) | 491 (44.96) |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
Northeast | 1875 (18.66) | 266 (20.57) | 19 (22.35) | 636 (17.43) | 763 (19.41) | 191 (17.49) |
|
|
|
Midwest | 1917 (19.08) | 274 (21.19) | 11 (12.94) | 671 (18.39) | 750 (19.08) | 211 (19.32) |
|
|
|
South | 3849 (38.30) | 448 (34.65) | 31 (36.47) | 1504 (41.23) | 1436 (36.53) | 430 (39.38) |
|
|
|
West | 2398 (23.86) | 305 (23.59) | 24 (28.24) | 837 (22.94) | 972 (24.73) | 260 (23.81) |
|
|
|
US dependent areas | 10 (0.10) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 10 (0.25) | 0 (0) |
|
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|
|
||||||||
|
Yes | 4127 (41.07) | 533 (41.22) | 38 (44.71) | 1393 (38.19) | 1655 (42.10) | 508 (46.52) |
|
|
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No | 5922 (58.93) | 760 (58.78) | 47 (55.29) | 2255 (61.81) | 2276 (57.90) | 584 (53.48) |
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|
|
||||||||
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Urban | 4230 (42.09) | 481 (37.20) | 45 (52.94) | 1449 (39.72) | 1708 (43.45) | 547 (50.09) |
|
|
|
Suburban | 2181 (21.70) | 351 (27.15) | 13 (15.29) | 811 (22.23) | 793 (20.17) | 213 (19.51) |
|
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|
Small/medium metropolitan | 2821 (28.07) | 323 (24.98) | 23 (27.06) | 1104 (30.26) | 1101 (28.01) | 270 (24.73) |
|
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Rural | 806 (8.02) | 138 (10.67) | 4 (4.71) | 284 (7.79) | 318 (8.09) | 62 (5.68) |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
Positive | 964 (9.59) | 145 (11.21) | 12 (14.12) | 268 (7.35) | 433 (11.02) | 106 (9.71) |
|
|
|
Negative | 7180 (71.45) | 964 (74.56) | 64 (75.29) | 2268 (62.17) | 2954 (75.15) | 930 (85.16) |
|
|
|
Unknown | 1905 (18.96) | 184 (14.23 | 9 (10.59) | 1112 (30.48) | 544 (13.84) | 56 (5.13) |
|
|
Total, n (%) | 10,049 (100) | 1293 (12.33) | 85 (0.85) | 3648 (36.30) | 3931 (39.12) | 1092 (10.87) | N/Af |
aRefers to the number of websites or apps in this category
bAMIS: American Men’s Internet Survey.
cA chi-square test for the difference in characteristics between recruitment types.
dNHBS: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance.
eThe National Center for Health Statistics urban/rural category could not be assigned for 10 participants living in US territories.
fNot applicable.
AMIS 2017 was conducted from July 2017 to November 2017 and resulted in 210,505 persons clicking on the ads and landing on the study’s recruitment page (
In total, 69.2% (6955/10,049) of the participants included in this report were non-Hispanic white and 44.6% were ≥40 years of age (4485/10,049); the most common region of residence was the South followed by the West (
The number of men who have sex with men who participated in the American Men’s Internet Survey (AMIS) by state, 2017.
Around two-third (6761/10,049, 67.3%) of participants reported having anal sex without a condom with another male in the past 12 months and about one-fifth (2135/10,049, 21.3%) reported doing so with a partner of a discordant or an unknown HIV status (
Sexual behaviors with male partners of men who have sex with men in the American Men’s Internet Survey, United States, 2017.
Participant characteristics | Participants (N) | Sexual behaviors with male partners in the past 12 months | ||||||
|
|
Anal intercourse without a condom | Anal intercourse without a condom with a partner of a discordant or an unknown HIV status | |||||
|
|
n (%) | n (%) | |||||
|
964 | 781 (81.01) | <.001b | 408 (42.32) | <.001b | |||
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Black, non-Hispanic | 138 | 102 (73.91) | .07 | 39 (28.26) | .01 | |
|
|
Hispanic | 139 | 115 (82.73) | .54 | 56 (40.29) | .66 | |
|
|
White, non-Hispanic | 617 | 511 (82.82) | Refa | 292 (47.33) | Refa | |
|
|
Other or multiple races | 53 | 42 (79.25) | .70 | 18 (33.96) | .47 | |
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|||||||
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15-24 | 39 | 29 (74.36) | .09 | 22 (56.41) | .16 | |
|
|
25-29 | 78 | 70 (89.74) | .05 | 38 (48.72) | .55 | |
|
|
30-39 | 172 | 151 (87.79) | .28 | 86 (50.00) | .75 | |
|
|
40 or older | 675 | 531 (78.67) | Refa | 262 (38.81) | Refa | |
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|
|||||||
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|
Yes | 454 | 377 (83.04) | .11 | 187 (41.19) | .95 | |
|
|
No | 510 | 404 (79.22) | Refa | 221 (43.33) | Refa | |
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|
|||||||
|
|
Gay social networking | 157 | 119 (75.80) | .16 | 80 (50.96) | .12 | |
|
|
General gay interest | 12 | 11 (91.67) | .40 | 6 (50.00) | .80 | |
|
|
General social networking | 332 | 261 (78.61) | Refa | 126 (37.95) | Refa | |
|
|
Geospatial social networking | 462 | 389 (84.20) | .98 | 195 (42.21) | .34 | |
|
9085 | 5980 (65.82) | Refb | 1727 (19.01) | Refb | |||
|
Race/ethnicity | |||||||
|
|
Black, non-Hispanic | 516 | 332 (64.34) | .34 | 129 (25.00) | .007 | |
|
|
Hispanic | 1399 | 953 (68.12) | .008 | 288 (20.59) | .85 | |
|
|
White, non-Hispanic | 6338 | 4186 (66.05) | Refa | 1161 (18.32) | Refa | |
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|
Other or multiple races | 634 | 398 (62.78) | .04 | 121 (19.10) | .23 | |
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|
|||||||
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15-24 | 2687 | 1665 (61.97) | <.001 | 476 (17.72) | .02 | |
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25-29 | 1168 | 849 (72.69) | <.001 | 235 (20.12) | .45 | |
|
|
30-39 | 1420 | 1042 (73.38) | <.001 | 311 (21.90) | .02 | |
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|
40 or older | 3810 | 2424 (63.62) | Refa | 705 (18.50) | Refa | |
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|
|||||||
|
|
Yes | 3673 | 2464 (67.08) | .10 | 746 (20.31) | .047 | |
|
|
No | 5412 | 3516 (64.97) | Refa | 981 (18.13) | Refa | |
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Gay social networking | 1268 | 723 (57.02) | <.001 | 247 (19.48) | .42 | |
|
|
General gay interest | 102 | 68 (66.67) | .98 | 18 (17.65) | .57 | |
|
|
General social networking | 4022 | 2588 (64.35) | Refa | 748 (18.60) | Refa | |
|
|
Geospatial social networking | 3688 | 2597 (70.42) | <.001 | 713 (19.33) | .74 |
aWald chi-square
bWald chi-square
cNHBS: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance.
In total, 27.6% (2775/10,049) of participants reported using marijuana, 5.9% (363/10,049) reported using methamphetamines, and 20.8% (2086/10,049) reported using other illicit substances in the past 12 months (
Substance use behaviors of men who have sex with men in the American Men’s Internet Survey, United States, 2017.
Participant characteristics | Participants (N) | Used marijuana | Used methamphetamines | Used other substance(s) | ||||||
|
|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
|
964 | 255 (26.45) | .002b | 136 (14.11) | <.001b | 274 (28.42) | <.001b | |||
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
Black, non-Hispanic | 138 | 28 (20.29) | .16 | 10 (7.25) | .09 | 23 (16.67) | .003 | |
|
|
Hispanic | 139 | 41 (29.50) | .24 | 17 (12.23) | .77 | 40 (28.78) | .74 | |
|
|
White, non-Hispanic | 617 | 172 (27.88) | Refa | 100 (16.21) | Refa | 192 (31.12) | Refa | |
|
|
Other or multiple races | 53 | 10 (18.87) | .35 | 5 (9.43) | .74 | 15 (28.30) | .58 | |
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
15-24 | 39 | 12 (30.77) | .76 | 5 (12.82) | .89 | 9 (23.08) | .41 | |
|
|
25-29 | 78 | 22 (28.21) | .95 | 8 (10.26) | .33 | 26 (33.33) | .36 | |
|
|
30-39 | 172 | 62 (36.05) | .20 | 35 (20.35) | .10 | 68 (39.53) | .07 | |
|
|
40 or older | 675 | 159 (23.56) | Refa | 88 (13.04) | Refa | 171 (25.33) | Refa | |
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
Yes | 454 | 135 (29.74) | .02 | 67 (14.76) | .27 | 146 (32.16) | .006 | |
|
|
No | 510 | 120 (23.53) | Refa | 69 (13.53) | Refa | 128 (25.10) | Refa | |
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
Gay social networking | 157 | 31 (19.75) | .76 | 11 (7.01) | .02 | 33 (21.02) | .09 | |
|
|
General gay interest | 12 | 2 (16.67) | .41 | 0 (0.00) | N/Ad | 5 (41.67) | .37 | |
|
|
General social networking | 332 | 92 (27.71) | Refa | 40 (12.05) | Refa | 86 (25.90) | Refa | |
|
|
Geospatial social networking | 462 | 129 (27.92) | .26 | 84 (18.18) | <.001 | 149 (32.25) | .66 | |
|
9085 | 2520 (27.74) | Refb | 227 (2.50) | Refb | 1812 (19.94) | Refb | |||
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
Black, non-Hispanic | 516 | 132 (25.58) | .40 | 11 (2.13) | .27 | 73 (14.15) | .001 | |
|
|
Hispanic | 1399 | 456 (32.59) | .33 | 34 (2.43) | .51 | 322 (23.02) | .002 | |
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|
White, non-Hispanic | 6338 | 1703 (26.87) | Refa | 152 (2.40) | Refa | 1259 (19.86) | Refa | |
|
|
Other or multiple races | 634 | 166 (26.18) | .046 | 22 (3.47) | .08 | 113 (17.82) | .22 | |
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|
|||||||||
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15-24 | 2687 | 1016 (37.81) | <.001 | 35 (1.30) | .002 | 597 (22.22) | .09 | |
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|
25-29 | 1168 | 394 (33.73) | <.001 | 25 (2.14) | .51 | 297 (25.43) | <.001 | |
|
|
30-39 | 1420 | 444 (31.27) | .048 | 55 (3.87) | .001 | 377 (26.55) | <.001 | |
|
|
40 or older | 3810 | 666 (17.48) | Refa | 112 (2.94) | Refa | 541 (14.20) | Refa | |
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|
|||||||||
|
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Yes | 3673 | 1097 (29.87) | <.001 | 103 (2.80) | .56 | 823 (22.41) | <.001 | |
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|
No | 5412 | 1423 (26.29) | Refa | 124 (2.29) | Refa | 989 (18.27) | Refa | |
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
Gay social networking | 1268 | 240 (18.93) | .66 | 48 (3.79) | .10 | 190 (14.98) | .90 | |
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|
General gay interest | 102 | 25 (24.51) | .97 | 4 (3.92) | .88 | 19 (18.63) | .68 | |
|
|
General social networking | 4022 | 1243 (30.91) | Refa | 57 (42) | Refa | 767 (19.07) | Refa | |
|
|
Geospatial social networking | 3688 | 1012 (27.44) | .80 | 118 (3.20) | .46 | 835 (22.64) | .046 |
aWald chi-square
bWald chi-square
cNHBS: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance.
dN/A: not applicable.
HIV testing behaviors were examined among participants who were not HIV positive (
HIV testing behaviors of HIV-negative or unknown-status men who have sex with men in the American Men’s Internet Survey, United States, 2017.
Participant characteristics | Participants (N) | HIV testing behaviors | |||||||||
|
|
HIV tested, ever | HIV tested, past 12 months | ||||||||
|
|
n (%) | n (%) | ||||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
Black, non-Hispanic | 516 | 445 (86.24) | .005 | 353 (68.41) | .01 | |||||
|
Hispanic | 1399 | 991 (70.84) | .09 | 814 (58.18) | .51 | |||||
|
White, non-Hispanic | 6338 | 5244 (82.74) | Refa | 3814 (60.18) | Ref | |||||
|
Other or multiple races | 634 | 489 (77.13) | .23 | 398 (62.78) | .95 | |||||
|
|||||||||||
|
15-24 | 2687 | 1478 (55.01) | <.001 | 1210 (45.03) | <.001 | |||||
|
25-29 | 1168 | 1034 (88.53) | .05 | 846 (72.43) | <.001 | |||||
|
30-39 | 1420 | 1310 (92.25) | <.001 | 1032 (72.68) | <.001 | |||||
|
40 or older | 3810 | 3508 (92.07) | Ref | 2416 (63.41) | Ref | |||||
|
|||||||||||
|
Yes | 3673 | 3081 (83.88) | <.001 | 2417 (65.80) | <.001 | |||||
|
No | 5412 | 4249 (78.51) | Ref | 3087 (57.04) | Ref | |||||
|
|||||||||||
|
Gay social networking | 1268 | 1094 (86.28) | <.001 | 741 (58.44) | .03 | |||||
|
General gay interest | 102 | 94 (92.16) | .17 | 60 (58.82) | .24 | |||||
|
General social networking | 4022 | 2916 (72.50) | Ref | 2076 (51.62) | Ref | |||||
|
Geospatial social networking | 3688 | 3222 (87.36) | <.001 | 2623 (71.12) | <.001 | |||||
Total | 9085 | 7330 (80.68) | N/Ac | 5504 (60.58) | N/A |
aWald chi-square
bNHBS: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance.
cN/A: not applicable.
In total, 42.2% (4243/10,049) of participants reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing in the past 12 months and just 11.5% (1153/10,049) reported a diagnosis of STI in the past 12 months. Compared with HIV-negative or unknown status participants, HIV-positive participants were significantly more likely to report STI testing (aOR 2.85, 95% CI 2.46-3.31) and STI diagnosis (aOR 2.73, 95% CI 2.29-3.26) in the past 12 months (
Sexually transmitted infection testing and diagnosis of men who have sex with men in the American Men’s Internet Survey, United States, 2017.
Participant characteristics | Participants (N) | STIa history in the past 12 months | |||||
|
|
Tested for any STI | Diagnosed with any STI | ||||
|
|
n (%) | n (%) | ||||
|
964 | 641 (66.49) | <.001c | 236 (24.48) | <.001c | ||
|
|
||||||
|
|
Black, non-Hispanic | 138 | 94 (68.12) | .82 | 43 (31.16) | .08 |
|
|
Hispanic | 139 | 97 (69.78) | .75 | 42 (30.22) | .68 |
|
|
White, non-Hispanic | 617 | 401 (64.99) | Refb | 133 (21.56) | Refb |
|
|
Other or multiple races | 53 | 39 (73.58) | .57 | 12 (22.64) | .31 |
|
|
||||||
|
|
15-24 | 39 | 25 (64.10) | .31 | 13 (33.33) | .52 |
|
|
25-29 | 78 | 64 (82.05) | .03 | 28 (35.90) | .40 |
|
|
30-39 | 172 | 131 (76.16) | .44 | 60 (34.88) | .48 |
|
|
40 or older | 675 | 421 (62.37) | Refb | 135 (20.00) | Refb |
|
|
||||||
|
|
Yes | 454 | 324 (71.37) | .005 | 128 (28.19) | .04 |
|
|
No | 510 | 317 (62.16) | Refb | 108 (21.18) | Refb |
|
|
||||||
|
|
Gay social networking | 157 | 96 (61.15 | >.99 | 27 (17.20) | .29 |
|
|
General gay interest | 12 | 7 (58.33 | .53 | 3 (25.00) | .79 |
|
|
General social networking | 332 | 193 (58.13 | Refb | 61 (18.37) | Refb |
|
|
Geospatial social networking | 462 | 344 (74.46 | .01 | 145 (31.39) | .07 |
|
9085 | 3602 (39.65) | Refc | 917 (10.09) | Refc | ||
|
|
||||||
|
|
Black, non-Hispanic | 516 | 248 (48.06) | .009 | 84 (16.28) | <.001 |
|
|
Hispanic | 1399 | 609 (43.53) | .26 | 177 (12.65) | .56 |
|
|
White, non-Hispanic | 6338 | 2409 (38.01) | Refb | 568 (8.96) | Refb |
|
|
Other or multiple races | 634 | 262 (41.32) | .11 | 68 (10.73) | .07 |
|
|
||||||
|
|
15-24 | 2687 | 875 (32.56) | <.001 | 227 (8.45) | .004 |
|
|
25-29 | 1168 | 606 (51.88) | <.001 | 172 (14.73) | <.001 |
|
|
30-39 | 1420 | 714 (50.28) | <.001 | 217 (15.28) | .003 |
|
|
40 or older | 3810 | 1407 (36.93) | Refb | 301 (7.90) | Refb |
|
|
||||||
|
|
Yes | 3673 | 1740 (47.37) | <.001 | 482 (13.12) | <.001 |
|
|
No | 5412 | 1862 (34.41) | Refb | 435 (8.04) | Refb |
|
|
||||||
|
|
Gay social networking | 1268 | 416 (32.81) | .005 | 74 (5.84) | .009 |
|
|
General gay interest | 102 | 42 (41.18) | .92 | 9 (8.82) | .92 |
|
|
General social networking | 4022 | 134 (33.37) | Refb | 297 (7.38) | Refb |
|
|
Geospatial social networking | 3688 | 1799 (48.78) | <.001 | 537 (14.56) | <.001 |
aSTI: sexually transmitted infection (includes chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis).
bWald chi-square
cWald chi-square
dNHBS: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance.
American Men’s Internet Survey 2017 questionnaire.
American Men’s Internet Survey
men who have sex with men
National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System
sexually transmitted infection
zone improvement plan
The study was funded by a grant from the MAC AIDS Fund and by the National Institutes of Health (P30AI050409)—the Emory Center for AIDS Research.
TS and PS are members of the Editorial Board of JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. However, they had no involvement in the editorial decision for this manuscript. It was reviewed and handled by an independent editor.